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Anatomy > Chapter 2- Chemistry Overview And Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Chemistry Overview And Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What do organic compounds contain

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What are the 4 things organic compounds include

A

. Carbohydrates
. Lipids
. Proteins
. Nucleic acids

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches

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4
Q

What are lipids

A

Fats, oils and steroids

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5
Q

How are proteins built

A

From amino acids

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6
Q

What are the 2 nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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7
Q

What do Inorganic compounds lack

A

Carbon

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8
Q

What are the 3 things inorganic compounds include

A

. Water
. Salts
. Acids and bases

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9
Q

What are acids

A

Electrolytes that dissociate in water and release free hydrogen ions, they are also hydrogen donors

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10
Q

What do strong acids do

A

Ionize completely and liberate all their hydrogen

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11
Q

What do weak acids do

A

Ionize incompletely

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12
Q

What are bases

A

Electrolytes that dissociate in water and release hydroxyl ions, they are also hydrogen acceptors

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13
Q

What does ph do

A

Measures relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in body fluids

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14
Q

How does the ph scale run

A

From 0 to 14

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15
Q

What is a neutral ph

A

7

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16
Q

Acidic solutions have a ph of what number

A

Below 7

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17
Q

Basic solutions have a ph of what number

A

Above 7

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18
Q

What are buffers

A

Chemicals that can regulate ph change

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19
Q

What are proteins

A

They are building blocks called amino acids

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20
Q

What are the 3 functions of proteins

A

. Provide for construction materials for body tissues
. Play a vital role in cell function
. Act as enzymes, hormones and antibodies

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21
Q

What are the 2 protein structures

A

. Polypeptides

. Proteins

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22
Q

Polypeptides contain how many amino acids

A

Fewer than 50

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23
Q

Proteins contain how many amino acids

A

More than 50

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24
Q

What are the 2 things enzymes do

A

. Increase the rate of chemical reactions

. Bind to substrates at an active site to catalyze reactions

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of enzymes

A

. Hydrolase

. Oxidase

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26
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) composed of

A

A nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base and 3 phosphate groups

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27
Q

What are the 2 things about Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

. Chemical energy used by all cells

. Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bonds

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28
Q

What do cells do

A

Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life

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29
Q

What are cells

A

The building blocks of all living things

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30
Q

How many main regions of a cell are there

A

3

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31
Q

What are the 3 main regions of a cell

A

. Plasma membrane
. Nucleus
. Cytoplasm

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32
Q

What is the nucleus

A

The control center of a cell

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33
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

Genetic material known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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34
Q

What are the 3 regions of a nucleus

A

. Nuclear envelope
. Nucleolus
. Chromatin

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35
Q

What does the nuclear envelope consist of

A

A double membrane that bounds the nucleus

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36
Q

What does the nuclear envelope contain

A

Nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

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37
Q

What is nucleoplasm

A

A jellylike fluid found within the nucleus and is enclose by the nuclear envelope

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38
Q

Where is the nucleolus

A

Within the nucleus

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39
Q

Where are sites of ribosome assembly

A

Nucleolus

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40
Q

Where do ribosomes migrate

A

The cytoplasm through nuclear pores

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41
Q

Why do ribosomes migrate

A

To serve at the site of protein synthesis

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42
Q

What is chromatin made of

A

DNA

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43
Q

Where is chromatin scattered

A

Throughout the nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing

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44
Q

Chromatin condenses to from what

A

Dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides

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45
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

Transparent barrier for cell contents

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46
Q

What contains cell contents and separates it from surrounding environments

A

Plasma membrane

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47
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model constructed of

A

Two layers of phospholipids arranged tail to tail

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48
Q

What are the 2 layers of phospholipids

A

. Hydrophilic heads

. Hydrophobic tails

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49
Q

What are the 3 things the 2 layers of phospholipids contain

A

. Proteins
. Cholesterol
. Glycoproteins

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50
Q

What are the 3 types of cell junctions

A

. Tight junctions
. Desmosomes
. Gap junctions

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51
Q

What are tight junctions

A

Impermeable junctions that prevent substances from passing through extra cellular space between cells

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52
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart as a result of mechanical stress

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53
Q

What do gap junctions do

A

Allow communication between cells through channels

54
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

55
Q

What is the site of most cellular activities

A

Cytoplasm

56
Q

What are the 3 major components of the cytoplasm

A

. Cytosol
. Inclusions
. Organelles

57
Q

What is cytosol

A

Fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes

58
Q

What are inclusions

A

Chemical substances, such as stored nutrients or cell products that float in the cytosol

59
Q

What are organelles

A

Metabolic machinery of the cell that perform functions for the cell

60
Q

What are mitochondria

A

The “powerhouse” of the cell

61
Q

What do mitochondria do

A

Produce ATP

62
Q

Where are the 2 locations ribosomes are found

A

. Free in the cytoplasm

. As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

What are the 2 kinds of the Endoplasmic reticulum

A

. Rough ER

. Smooth ER

64
Q

What are the 2 things about rough ER

A

. Studded with ribosomes

. Synthesizes proteins

65
Q

What are the 2 things about smooth ER

A

. Lacks ribosomes

. Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

66
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A

Modifies and packages proteins

67
Q

What do lysosomes contain

A

Enzymes that can digest worn out or non usable cell structures

68
Q

What do lysosomes house

A

Phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris

69
Q

What are the 2 things peroxisomes do

A

. Detoxify harmful substances

. Break down free radicals

70
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm

71
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do

A

Provides the cell with an internal framework

72
Q

What are the 3 kinds of elements in the cytoskeleton

A

. Microfilaments
. Intermediate filaments
. Microtubules

73
Q

What are centrioles made up of

A

Microtubules

74
Q

What do centrioles do

A

Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

75
Q

Cilia move what

A

Materials across the cell surface

76
Q

Where are cilia located

A

In the respiratory system to move mucus

77
Q

What do flagella do

A

Propel the cell

78
Q

What is the only flagella propeller human cell

A

Sperm

79
Q

What are microvilli

A

Tiny, finger like extensions of the plasma membrane

80
Q

What do microvilli do

A

Increase the surface area for absorption

81
Q

What is a solution

A

A homogeneous mixture of two or more components

82
Q

What are the 2 types of solutions

A

. Solvent

. Solutes

83
Q

What is a solvent

A

Dissolving medium

84
Q

What are solutes

A

Components in smaller quantities within a solution

85
Q

What is intracellular fluid

A

Fluid in the interior of the cell

86
Q

What’s extracellular fluid

A

Fluid on the exterior of the cell

87
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

A selectively permeable barrier

88
Q

What does the plasma membrane do

A

Sort through the materials coming through

89
Q

What are the 2 basic methods of membrane transport

A

. Passive processes

. Active processes

90
Q

Passive processes requires what

A

No energy

91
Q

Active processes must what

A

Provide metabolic energy (ATP) for transport

92
Q

What are the 2 passive processes

A

. Diffusion

. Filtration

93
Q

What is diffusion

A

When a molecule movement is from high concentration to low concentration

94
Q

What is osmosis

A

A diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

95
Q

Osmosis used what channel protein

A

Aquaporin

96
Q

What causes a isotonic solutions

A

Same solute and water concentrations as cells

97
Q

What happens in isotonic solutions

A

Nothing happens in the cell

98
Q

What causes a hypertonic solutions

A

When there are more solutes than cells

99
Q

What happens in a hypertonic solution

A

Cells shrink

100
Q

What happens when hypertonic solutions contain fewer solutes than cells

A

The cell expands

101
Q

What happens during filtration

A

Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure from high pressure areas to lower pressure areas

102
Q

Why is filtration critical

A

For kidneys to work properly

103
Q

What is ATP used for

A

Transport

104
Q

What are the 3 things active processes are used for

A

. Substances are too large
. Substances may not be lipid soluble
. Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient

105
Q

What is vesicular transport

A

When substances are moved across the membrane in bulk without actually crossing the plasma membrane

106
Q

What are the 2 types of vesicular transport

A

. Exocytosis

. Endocytosis

107
Q

What happens during exocytosis

A

Material is carried in a membranous sac called a vehicle that migrated to and combines with the plasma membrane

108
Q

Where are the contents of the vesicle emptied

A

Outside the membranous sac

109
Q

What happens during endocytosis

A

Extracellular substances are enclosed in a membranous vesicle and moved into the cell

110
Q

What are the 2 types of endocytosis

A

. Phagocytosis

. Pinocytosis

111
Q

What happens during phagocytosis

A

The cell engulfs large particles

112
Q

What happens during pinocytosis

A

The cell gulps droplets extracellular fluid

113
Q

What is the cell life cycle

A

A series of changes the cell experiences from the time it is formed until it divides

114
Q

What are the 2 major cell life cycle periods

A

. Interphase

. Cell division

115
Q

What are the 2 things that happen during interphase

A

. Cell grows

. Carries on metabolic processes

116
Q

What are the 2 things that happen during cell division

A

. Cell reproduces itself

. Produce more cells for growth and repair

117
Q

What does DNA contain

A

Deoxyribose and bases

118
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA

A

. Adenine
. Thymine
. Cytosine
. Guanine

119
Q

When does DNA replicate

A

Before cell division

120
Q

Why must each cell contain DNA

A

So a copy of the cell can be made

121
Q

What is the preparation for DNA replication

A

Genetic material is duplicated and readies a cell for division into 2 cells

122
Q

Adenine pairs with what

A

Thymine

123
Q

Cytosine pairs with what

A

Guanine

124
Q

What are the 5 parts of cell division

A 
. Mitosis 
. Prophase
. Metaphase
. Anaphase
. Telophase
. Cytokinesis
125
Q

What is mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus which results in two daughter nuclei

126
Q

What are the 4 things that happen during prophase

A

. Chromatin coils into chromosomes
. Chromatids are held together by a centromere
. Nuclear envelope and nucleoli are broke down
. Mitotic spindle starts to form

127
Q

What happens during meta phase

A

Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate

128
Q

What are the 2 things that happen during anaphase

A

. Centromere split

. Chromatids move apart towards opposite ends of cell

129
Q

When is anaphase over

A

When the chromosomes stop moving

130
Q

What are the 3 things that happen during telophase

A

. Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin
. Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin
. Nucleoli appear in each of the daughter nuclei

131
Q

What are the 2 things that happen during cytokinesis

A

. Division of cytoplasm

. A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into 2 parts

Anatomy (7 decks)

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