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Anatomy > Chapter 5- Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the skeletal system

A

. Bones
. Joints
. Ligaments
. Cartilage

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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the skeleton

A

. Axial

. Appendicular

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system

A 
. Support the body
. Protect soft organs
. Provide muscle attachment 
. Store minerals and fats
. Blood cell formation
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4
Q

The adult Skelton has how many bones

A

206

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5
Q

What are the 2 basic types of bone tissue

A

. Compact

. Spongy

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6
Q

What are compact bones

A

Dense, smooth, and homogeneous bones

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7
Q

What is spongy bone

A

Small needle like pieces of bone with many open spaces

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8
Q

What are the 4 groups of bones based on their shape

A

. Long
. Flat
. Short
. Irregular

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9
Q

Long bones are typically what

A

Longer than they are wide and have enlarged ends

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10
Q

Long bones contain mostly what, and have what on the end

A

Mostly compact bone with spongy bone on ends

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11
Q

What is the shape of short bones

A

Generally cube shaped

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12
Q

Short bones contain what and have an outer layer of what

A

Mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact

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13
Q

What are the shapes of flat bones

A

Thin, flattened and usually curved

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14
Q

Flat bones are made of what 2 thin layers of what and have what in between

A

Two thin layers of compact bone with spongy in between

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15
Q

Irregular bones have a what shape

A

Irregular shape

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16
Q

What makes up most of bones length

A

Diaphysis

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17
Q

What is the diaphysis composed of

A

Compact bone

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18
Q

What is the outside covering of the diaphysis

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

What is the periosteum made of

A

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

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20
Q

What secures the periosteum to the underlying bone

A

Perforating fibers

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21
Q

What is the epiphysis composed of

A

Mostly spongy bone enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone

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22
Q

What covers the external surface of the epiphyses

A

Articular cartilage

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23
Q

What is articular cartilage made of

A

Hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

What does articular cartilage do

A

Decreases friction at joint surfaces

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25
Q

What is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate

A

Epiphyseal line

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26
Q

Where is the Epiphyseal line seen

A

Adult bones

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27
Q

What is the Epiphyseal plate

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

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28
Q

What does the Epiphyseal plate do

A

Cause lengthwise growth of a long bone

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29
Q

What lines the inner surface of the bones shaft

A

Endosteum

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30
Q

What is endostuem made of

A

Connective tissue

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31
Q

What is the cavity inside the bones shaft

A

Medullary cavity

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32
Q

What does the medullary cavity contain

A

. Yellow marrow in adults

. Red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

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33
Q

Bone markings are sites of attachment for what 3 things

A

. Muscles
. Tendons
. Ligaments

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34
Q

Bone markings are passages for what 2 things

A

. Nerves

. Blood vessels

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35
Q

What are the 5 common bone markings

A 
. Process
. Meatus
. Sinus
. Foramen
. Fissure
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36
Q

What is a process

A

Bony prominence

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37
Q

What is a Meatus

A

Canal-like passageway

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38
Q

What is a sinus

A

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous

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39
Q

What is a foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

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40
Q

What is a fissure

A

Narrow, slit like opening

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41
Q

What is spongy bone made of

A

Small needlelike pieces of bone and open spaces

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42
Q

What are the small needle like pieces of bone called in spongy bone

A

Traveculae

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43
Q

What are 3 things that fill the open spaces in spongy bone

A

. Marrow
. Blood vessels
. Nerves

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44
Q

What is the unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings called

A

Osteon (Haversian system)

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45
Q

What is the opening in the center of an osteon

A

Central (Haversian) canal

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46
Q

How does the central (Haversian) canal run through a bone

A

Lengthwise

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47
Q

What are the 2 things the central (Haversian) canal Carries

A

. Blood vessels

. Nerves

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48
Q

What are mature bone cells situated in bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

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49
Q

What are cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes

A

Lacunae

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50
Q

What are concentric circles lacunae situated around the central (Haversian) canal

A

Lamellae

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51
Q

What are tiny canals that radiate from the central canal to lacunae

A

Canaliculi

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52
Q

What does the canaliculi form

A

A transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

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53
Q

What canal is perpendicular to the central canal

A

Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

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54
Q

What are the 2 thing the perforating ( Volkman’s) canal carry

A

. Blood vessels

. Nerves

55
Q

What is ossification

A

Process of bone formation

56
Q

What occurs on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes

A

Bone formation and growth

57
Q

What are the two major phases of long bone growth

A

. Osteoblasts

. In a fetus

58
Q

What covers hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix in long bone growth

A

Osteoblasts

59
Q

When does the enclosed cartilage get digested away opening up a medullary cavity in long bone growth

A

In a fetus

60
Q

What 2 types of cartilage are not converted to bone after birth

A

. Articular cartilage

. Epiphyseal plates

61
Q

New cartilage is formed continuously where on Articular cartilage and Epiphyseal plates

A

On the external face

62
Q

Old cartilage is broken down and replaced by what

A

Bony matrix

63
Q

What happens during appositional growth

A

Bones grow in width

64
Q

Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone matrix to what

A

The outside of the diaphysis

65
Q

Osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from where

A

The inner surface of the diaphysis

66
Q

What is bone growth controlled by

A

Hormones

67
Q

Bones are remodeled throughout life in what 2 responses

A

. Calcium ion level in the blood

. Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton

68
Q

What does the calcium ion level in the blood determine

A

When the matrix is to be broken down or formed

69
Q

What does the pull of gravity and bones on the Skelton determine

A

Where the bone matrix is to be broken down or formed

70
Q

What’s a fracture

A

Break in a bone

71
Q

What are the 2 types of fractures in bones

A

. Open

. Closed

72
Q

What’s a closed fracture

A

Break that does not penetrate the skin

73
Q

What’s a open fracture

A

A broken bone that penetrates the skin

74
Q

What are the 4 major events in repairs of bone fractures

A

. Hematoma
. Fibrocartilage callus forms
. Bony callus replaces the Fibrocartilage callus
. Bone remodeling occurs in response to mechanical stresses

75
Q

What are the 3 things that splint the broken bone

A

. Cartilage matrix
. Bony matrix
. Collagen fibers

76
Q

What are the 2 things that migrate in when the bony callus replaces the Fibrocartilage callus

A

. Osteoblasts

. Osteoclasts

77
Q

What forms the longitudinal axis of the body

A

Axial skeleton

78
Q

What are the 3 parts of the longitudinal axis of the body

A

. Skull
. Vertebral column
. Bony thorax

79
Q

What bones protect the brain

A

Cranial bones

80
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones

A 
. Frontal
. Occipital
. Ethmoid
. Sphenoid
. Parietal pair
. Temporal pair
81
Q

What are the 14 facial bones 6 pair and 2 single

A 
. Pair of maxillae 
. Pair of palatine
. Pair of lacrimal 
. Pair of zygomatic
. Pair of nasal
. Pair of inferior nasal conchae
. Vomer
. Mandible
82
Q

What is a bone closely related to the mandible and temporal bones

A

Hyoid

83
Q

What does the hyoid bone serve as

A

Movable base for the tounge

84
Q

What does the hyoid aid in

A

Swallowing and speech

85
Q

Vertebral column provides what

A

Axial support

86
Q

Where does the vertebral Column extend from

A

Skull to pelvis

87
Q

Vertebral bones are separated by what

A

Intervertebral discs

88
Q

How many vertebral bones are there?

A

26

89
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are in the neck

A

7 cervical

90
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region

A

12 thoracic

91
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back

A

5 lumbar

92
Q

How is the Sacrum formed

A

By fusion of 5 vertebrae

93
Q

How is the coccyx formed

A

By fusion of 3-5 vertebrae

94
Q

What does the bony thorax or thoracic cage do

A

Protects organs in the thoracic cavity

95
Q

What are the 3 parts of the thoracic cage

A

. Sternum
. Ribs
. Thoracic vertebrae

96
Q

What are the 3 kinds of ribs in the thoracic cage

A

. True ribs
. False ribs
. Floating ribs

97
Q

How many true ribs are there

A

14

98
Q

How many false ribs are there

A

10

99
Q

How many floating ribs are there

A

4

100
Q

How many bones compose the appendicular Skeleton

A

126

101
Q

What are the 3 things that make up the appendicular Skeleton

A

. Limbs and there appendages
. Pectoral girdle
. Pelvic girdle

102
Q

What are articulations

A

Joints

103
Q

Where do joints occur

A

Where 2 or more bones meet

104
Q

What are the 2 things joints do

A

. Hold bones together

. Allow for mobility

105
Q

What are the 2 ways joints are classified

A

. Functionally

. Structurally

106
Q

What are immovable joints

A

Synarthroses

107
Q

What are slightly movable joints

A

Amphiarthroses

108
Q

What are freely movable joints

A

Diarthroses

109
Q

Fibrous joints are what

A

Generally immovable

110
Q

Cartilaginous joints are what

A

Immovable or slightly movable

111
Q

Synovial joints are what

A

Freely movable

112
Q

What are bones United by fibrous tissue

A

Fibrous joints

113
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints

A

. Sutures
. Syndesmoses
. Gomphoses

114
Q

What are immobile fibrous joints

A

Sutures

115
Q

Which fibrous joints have more movement than sutures but still immobile

A

Syndesmoses

116
Q

Where are Syndesmoses fibrous joints found

A

On the distal ends of tibia and fibula

117
Q

Where are the immobile fibrous joints called gomphoses found

A

Where the teeth meet the facial bones

118
Q

What are bones connected by cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joints

119
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

.Synchrondrosis joints

.Symphysis joints

120
Q

Where are synchrondrosis joints found

A

Epiphyseal plates of growing long bones

121
Q

Where are symphysis joints found

A

In the pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

122
Q

What are articulating bones that are separated by a joint cavity

A

Synovial joint

123
Q

What is found in the joint cavity of synovial joints

A

Synovial fluids

124
Q

What are the 4 distinguishing features of synovial joints

A

. Articular cartilage
. Articular capsule
. Joint cavity
. Reinforcing ligaments

125
Q

What are flattened fibrous sacs

A

Bursae

126
Q

Bursae are lined with what

A

Synovial membranes

127
Q

Bursae are filled with what

A

Synovial fluid

128
Q

What is an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

A

Tendon sheathe

129
Q

What is a slip and glide joint

A

Plane joint

130
Q

What is a hinging joint

A

Hinge joint

131
Q

What is a pivoting joint

A

Pivot joint

132
Q

What a joint with a movement from side to side and back and fourth

A

Condylar joint

133
Q

What is another joint with movement from side to side and back and fourth

A

Saddle joint

134
Q

What is a joint with movement on all axes with rotation

A

Ball and socket joint

Anatomy (7 decks)

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