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Anatomy > Chapter 6- Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles responsible for

A

All types of body movement

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic types of muscle in the body

A

. Skeletal
. Cardiac
. Smooth

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3
Q

What is the only muscle involved in the muscular system

A

Skeletal

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle is attached by what to bones

A

Tendons

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are what

A

Elongated and multinucleated

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6
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibers also known as

A

Striated muscle

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7
Q

What kind of muscle is skeletal muscle since it’s subject to conscious control

A

Voluntary muscle

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are surrounded and bundled by what

A

Connective tissue

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissue in skeletal muscle

A

. Endomysium
. Perimysium
. Epimysium
. Fascia

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10
Q

What encloses a single muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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11
Q

What wraps around a fascicle of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

What covers the entire skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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13
Q

What is on the outside of the Epimysium

A

Fascia

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14
Q

The Epimysium of skeletal muscle blends into what

A

A connective tissue attachment

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15
Q

What are the 2 connective tissue attachments

A

. Tendons

. Aponeuroses

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16
Q

What are mostly made of collagen fibers and often cross a joint because of their toughness and small size

A

Tendons

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17
Q

What attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages or connective tissue coverings

A

Aponeuroses

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18
Q

What are the 4 functions of skeletal muscle functions

A

. Produce movement
. Maintain posture and body position
. Stabilize joints
. Generate heat

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19
Q

What are specialized plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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20
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Long organelles inside muscle cells

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of myofibrils

A

. Light I bands

. Dark A bands

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22
Q

What do light I bands and dark A bands do

A

Give muscle it’s striated appearance

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23
Q

Which band contains only thin filaments

A

I band

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24
Q

What is the Z disc in I bands

A

A midline interruption and marks the end of the contractile unit

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25
Q

Which band contains the entire length of the thick filaments

A

A band

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26
Q

Which band has a H zone that is a lighter central area and a M line is in the center of H zone

A

A Band

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27
Q

What is a contractile unit of a muscle fiber and also the structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

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28
Q

What are the 2 myofilaments for the organization of the sarcomere

A

. Thick filaments

. Thin filaments

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29
Q

What are myosin filaments

A

Thick filaments

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30
Q

What are actin filaments

A

Thin filaments

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31
Q

What are thick filaments composed of

A

Protein myosin

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32
Q

What do thick filaments contain

A

ATPase enzymes to split ATP to release energy for muscle contractions

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33
Q

What type of projections do thick filaments posses

A

Myosin heads

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34
Q

What do myosin heads do in thick filaments

A

Form cross bridges for thick and thin filaments to contract

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35
Q

What are thin filaments composed of

A

The contractile protein

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36
Q

Where is actin anchored

A

To the Z disc

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37
Q

When the a band is at rest there is a zone that lacks actin filaments called what

A

The H zone

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38
Q

What happens during contraction

A

H zones disappear as actin and myosin filaments overlap

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39
Q

What surrounds the myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store and release

A

Calcium

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41
Q

What are the 4 special functional properties of skeletal muscles

A

. Irritability
. Contractility
. Extensibility
. Elasticity

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42
Q

What’s the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

A

Irritability

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43
Q

What’s the ability to forcibly shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

A

Contractility

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44
Q

What’s the ability of muscle cells to be stretched

A

Extensibility

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45
Q

What’s the ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

A

Elasticity

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46
Q

Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by what to contract

A

Neuron

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47
Q

What is a one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

A

Motor unit

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48
Q

What is an association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular junction

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49
Q

What a gap between a nerve and muscle filled with interstitial fluid

A

Synaptic cleft

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50
Q

What is a chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse in the axon terminal

A

Neurotransmitter

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51
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle

A

Acetylcholine

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52
Q

What is step 1 at the neuromuscular junction

A

Nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron

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53
Q

What is step 2 at the neuromuscular junction

A

Calcium channels open and calcium ions enter the axon terminal

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54
Q

What’s step 3 at the neuromuscular junction

A

Calcium ion entry causes some synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine

55
Q

What is step 4 at the neuromuscular junction

A

ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle cell

56
Q

What is step 5 of the neuromuscular junction

A

If enough ACh is released, the sarcolemma becomes temporarily more permeable to sodium ions

57
Q

What is step 6 of the neuromuscular junction

A

Depolarization opens more sodium channels that allow sodium ions to enter the cell

58
Q

What is step 7 of the neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline

59
Q

What happens potassium ions diffuse out of the cell

A

Cells return to its resting state

60
Q

What happens when the sodium potassium pump moves sodium and potassium ions back to their original positions

A

Cells return to its resting state

61
Q

What are the 4 steps for sliding filaments

A

. Cross bridge formation
. Power stroke
. Cross bridge detachment
. Cocking of myosin head

62
Q

What is it called when a myosin head attaches to actin binding sites to form a cross bridge

A

Cross bridge formation

63
Q

What is it called when a myosin head pulls actin toward the m line

A

Power stroke

64
Q

What is it called when a myosin head detaches from actin

A

Cross bridge detachment

65
Q

What is it called myosin prepares for another cycle

A

Cocking of myosin head

66
Q

What are the 2 ways graded responses can be produced

A

. By changing the frequency of muscle stimulation

. By changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time

67
Q

What is a single, briefcase jerky contraction

A

Muscle twitch

68
Q

In most types of muscle activity, nerve impulses are delivered at a what rate

A

Rapid rate

69
Q

Contractions are followed by what

A

Another contraction

70
Q

What occurs when stimulations become more frequent

A

Infused (incomplete tetanus)

71
Q

What is achieved when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no relaxation occurs

A

Fused tetanus

72
Q

What does muscle respond too

A

Stronger stimuli

73
Q

What depends upon the number of fibers stimulated

A

Muscle force

74
Q

Contraction of more fibers results in greater what

A

Muscle tension

75
Q

When all motor units are active and stimulated, the muscle contraction is what

A

As strong as it can get

76
Q

What is the only energy source that can be used to directly power muscle contraction

A

ATP

77
Q

Where is ATP stored in small amounts

A

Muscle fibers

78
Q

What are the 3 pathways to regenerate ATP

A

. Direct phosphorylation
. Aerobic pathway
. Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic formation

79
Q

If muscle activity is strenuous and prolonged what happens

A

Muscle fatigue occurs

80
Q

What are the 3 factors that contribute to muscle fatigue

A

. Ion balances
. Oxygen deficit
. Decrease in energy supply

81
Q

How is the oxygen deficit repaid

A

Rapid, deep breathing

82
Q

What is the state of continuous partial contractions

A

Muscle tone

83
Q

What increases muscle size, strength, and endurance

A

Exercise

84
Q

What results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue

A

Aerobic exercise

85
Q

What increases muscle size and strength

A

Resistance exercise

86
Q

What decreases angle of joint and brings two bones closer together

A

Flexion

87
Q

What increases angle or distance between two bones or body parts

A

Extension

88
Q

What are extensions greater than 180 degrees

A

Hyperextension

89
Q

What is a movement of bone around its longitudinal axis

A

Rotation

90
Q

What is moving a limb away from the midline

A

Abduction

91
Q

What’s moving a limb towards the midline

A

Adduction

92
Q

What’s it called when proximal end is stationary, distal end moves in circle

A

Circumduction

93
Q

What’s it called when you point toes toward your head

A

Dorsiflexion

94
Q

What it called when you point your toes away from your head

A

Plantar flexion

95
Q

What’s it called when you turn sole of foot medially

A

Inversion

96
Q

What’s it called when you turn sole of foot laterally

A

Eversion

97
Q

What’s it called palm facing up

A

Supination

98
Q

What’s it called when palms are facing down

A

Pronation

99
Q

What’s it called when thumb touches tips of fingers on same hand

A

Opposition

100
Q

What raises the eyebrows

A

Frontalis

101
Q

What pulls scalp posteriorly

A

Occipitalis

102
Q

Closes eyes, squint, blink, and wink

A

Orbicularis oculi

103
Q

What protrudes lips

A

Orbicularis Oris

104
Q

What’s flattens and compresses the cheek

A

Buccinator

105
Q

What raises corners of mouth upward

A

Zygomaticus

106
Q

What closes the jaw

A

Masseter and temporalis

107
Q

What pulls corners of mouth inferiority

A

Platysma

108
Q

What rotates the head toward opposite shoulder

A

Sternocleidomastoid

109
Q

What adducts and flexes the arms

A

Pectoralis major

110
Q

What abducts the arm

A

Deltoid

111
Q

What are the breathing muscles

A

Intercostal muscles

112
Q

What flexes the vertebral column

A

Rectus abdominis

113
Q

What flexes vertebral column, rotates trunk, and bends laterally

A

External and internal oblique

114
Q

What compresses the abdomen

A

Transversus abdominis

115
Q

What extends the head, elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula

A

Trapezius

116
Q

What extends and adducts the humerus

A

Latissimus Dorsi

117
Q

What are back extensors

A

Erector spinae

118
Q

What flexes the spine laterally, together- extends lumbar spine

A

Quadratus lumborum

119
Q

What are the 2 things that flex the elbow

A

. Biceps brachii

. Brachialis

120
Q

What extends the elbow

A

Triceps brachii

121
Q

What flexes the wrist and fingers

A

Forearm flexor group

122
Q

What flexes the forearm

A

Brachioradialis

123
Q

What extends the wrist and fingers

A

Forearm extensor group

124
Q

What extends the hip

A

Gluteus Maximus

125
Q

What abducts the hip

A

Gluteus medius

126
Q

What flexes the knee and extends the hip

A

Hamstring muscles

127
Q

What flexes the hip

A

Iliopsoas

128
Q

What adducts the thigh

A

Adductor muscles

129
Q

What flexes the thigh

A

Sartorius

130
Q

What extends the knee

A

Quadriceps

131
Q

What dorsiflex and invert the foot

A

Tibialis anterior

132
Q

What is the toe extension

A

Extensor digitorum longus

133
Q

What is the plantar flex and evert foot

A

Fibularis muscles

134
Q

What are the 2 plantar flex foot

A

. Gastrocnemius

. Soleus

Anatomy (7 decks)

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