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microbiology 319 > chapter 10 11 12 > Flashcards

chapter 10 11 12 Flashcards

1
Q

composition of DNA

A

phosphate group
deoxyribose sugar: has OH group
nitrogenous base

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2
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

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3
Q

purine

A

cytosine
thymine
1 ring structure

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4
Q

pyrimidine

A

adenine
guanine
2 ring structure

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5
Q

guanine and cytosine are

A

triple hydrogen base bonds

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6
Q

dna shape

A

double helix

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7
Q

dna runs

A

antiparallel
5-3
3-5

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8
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

dna: stable
rna: unstable

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9
Q

rna composition

A

ribose sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate group
single-stranded but can fold on top of itself to form LP

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10
Q

nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

adenine
uracil
gunaine
cytosine

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11
Q

genome

A

entire genetic information of an organism

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12
Q

all genetic info is contained in

A

chromosomes

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13
Q

dna replication occurs

A

every time cell divides
semi conservative

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14
Q

mrna transcription occurs

A

only if gene needs to be expressed

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15
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA that encodes a functional protein expressed based on the needs of the cell

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16
Q

central dogma

A

dna
mrna
protein
dna: mrna - transcription
mrna: protein - translation

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17
Q

gene expression

A

the use of gene information to make mRNA and protein

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18
Q

specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA can be copied to

A

make another DNA
make mRNA that is directed to protein synthesis

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19
Q

flow of genetic info

A

expression
recombination
replication

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20
Q

expression

A

transcription occurs from parent DNA
mRNA for gene synthesized by RNA polymerase
goes to ribosome: translated to protein

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21
Q

recombination

A

exogenous genetic info gains entry into the cell and incorporates with host DNA: recombination of genes

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22
Q

replication

A

makes daughter cell from parent cell

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23
Q

genotype

A

what encodes phenotype

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24
Q

phenotype

A

physical trait

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25
dna replication
initiation elongation termination
26
initiation
the unwinding of the helix, priming and loading of DNA polymerase enzyme complex
27
elongation
sequential extension of DNA by adding DNA nucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) with the release of pyrophosphate
28
termination
DNA helix is completely duplicated and replication stops
29
DNA polymerase 1
removes RNA primer and replaces it with newly synthesized DNA
30
DNA polymerase 3
main enzymes that adds nucleotides in the 5-3 direction
31
helicase
unwinds DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds
32
ligase
seals gaps between Okazaki fragments especially in lagging strand
33
single stranded binding proteins
binds to single-stranded DNA to prevent hydrogen bonds from reforming double-stranded DNA
34
topoisomerase
relaxes supercoiled DNA
35
DNA replication/transcription occurs where
prokaryotes: cytoplasm eukaryotes: nucleus
36
translation occurs where
cytoplasm for both
37
RNA transcription
RNA polymerase: DNA to mRNA just a portion of the DNA that has the gene that encodes for a protein needed at the time is transcribed
38
1 mRNA in prokaryotes
multiple proteins polycistronic mRNA
39
upstream
before initiation
40
downstream
after initiation
41
promoter
transcription starts at TATA box -10 to -35 nucleotides upstream of start codon
42
translation
mRNA made into amino acids
43
genetic code
mRNA codon and amino acid
44
translation starts at
AUG
45
translation ends at
UAA UGA UAG
46
transfer RNA tRNA
exist in cytoplasm bind to codon on mRNA and add specific amino acid to polypeptide chain
47
initiation translation
translational complex forms tRNA brings first amino acid to polypeptide chain to bind to start codon
48
termination translation
release factor recognizes stop codon translational complex disassociates
49
elongation translation
tRNAs bring amino acids one by one to add to the polypeptide chain
50
signal peptide
enhance movement of protein to another part of the cell
51
point mutation/ base substitution
single nucleotide is changed in a DNA sequence
52
3 types of point mutation
silent: no effect on protein missense: different amino acid nonsense: stop codon
53
insertion/deletion mutation
addition or subtraction of one or more nucleotides can form frameshift mutation: different protein
54
inversion
fragment of DNA is flipped in orientation in relation to the DNA on the other side
55
physical agents of mutations
cosmic rays x rays UV radiation: can be used to sterilize equipment
56
chemical agents of mutations
reactive oxygen molecules superoxide radicals acridine orange certain biological processes
57
targeting DNA w an X ray
can break DNA strand when breakage anything can fill the gap
58
non ionizing ray
UV light can cause a kink DNA bends: causes some base pairs to interact
59
types of DNA repair
base excision repair Methyl mismatch repair SOS DNA recombination
60
levels of gene regulation
changing the DNA sequence Control of transcription Translational control Post translational control
61
changing DNA sequence
some microbes change the DNA sequence to activate or disable a particular gene
62
control of transcription
transcription can be regulated by protein repressors, activators, and alternative sigma factors
63
translational control
cell decides whether or not to make a protein
64
post translational control
control of proteins that are already made activate or deactivate or degrade protein

microbiology 319 (14 decks)

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