Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

microbiology 319 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

exam 1

1
Q

spontaneous generation

A

life can arise from non living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

biogenesis

A

living organisms can only arise from preexisting life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Francesco redi

A

experiment with containers of meat covered/uncovered and seeing if maggots will form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

John Needham

A

experiment w broth but had microbial growth bc he didn’t heat up broth to kill preexisting microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Germ Theory of disease

A

microorganisms can invade macroorganisms and cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

same broth experiment but didn’t have microbial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

broth experiment that disproved sponteneous generation w swan neck flasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Kochs Postualtes

A
  1. A specific causative agent must be found in every case
  2. infectious agent must be isolated on pure culture
  3. infect a heathy person w agent and must present same symptoms and disease
  4. infectious agents must be recovered from an inoculated individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Immunization prevents disease

A

18th century incidence of smallpox decreased by deliberately inoculating children with material from smallpox pustules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

who intrdocued the prsvtice of small pox inoculation

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Edward Jenner

A

noticed m milkmaids never contracted smallpox bc they had cowpox
developed the first successful immunization against smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

introduced the idea of handwashing between moving patients to prevent diseases from one patient to the next
decreased infection rate drastically
savior of mothers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Joseph Lister

A

used carbolic acid to sterilize dressings and developed sprays in the surgical room
antiseptic surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

aseptic

A

no microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

monoseptic

A

one microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

septic

A

mutliple microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

antibiotic

A

internal medication that could be used to kill microbes but not the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

alexander Fleming

A

founded antibiotics
penicillin - Penicillium chrysogenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

explains the origin of certain organelles in eukaryotic cells, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts. According to this theory, these organelles were once free-living prokaryotic organisms (like bacteria) that formed a symbiotic relationship with a host cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

evidence that mitochondria and bacteria are vestigial bacteria

A

same size as bacteria
double mem structure
own DNA
DNA is arranged in a circular formation
70s ribosome
divide independently of host eukaryotic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

unique characteristics of prokaryotes

A

small size
small genome
circular chromosomes
no intracellular endosymbiotic organelles
peptidoglycan
chromosomes replicate and segregate during cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glycan

A

sugar polymer—a chain of sugars (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

glycoprotein

A

help provide structural support to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

glycolipid

A

cell stability/cell recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
transmembrane protein
span cell membrane
26
peripheral protein
in 1 portion of the cell membrane
27
phospholipid biklayer
makes up the cell membrane and allows some permeability hydrophilic heads hydrophobic tails
28
simple diffusion
passive transport move from high to low concentration (moving down gradient) small lipid-soluble molecules
29
facilitated diffusion
passive transport move from high to low concentration (moving down gradient) larger insoluble molecules that need a transport protein to pass
30
Active transport
Needs ATP to move molecules against their gradient from low to high concentration
31
Antiporter
moves 2 different molecules in opposite directions across the membrane doesn't directly use ATP but uses energy from moving one molecule down its gradient to power the movement of the molecule that is moving against its gradient
32
symporter
active transport both molecules move in same direction across the membrane doesn't directly use ATP but uses energy from a molecule moving down its gradient to power the movement of a molecule against its gradient
33
ABC systems
ATP binding cassette specific regions on the cell membrane have areas for ATP to bind and use its energy use ATP to move molecules against membrane molecule to be transported will bind to a specific protein on the cell
34
group translocation
active transport a molecule is transported into the cell and is chemically alerted molecules shape is changed so it is prevented from leaving the cell easily
35
capsule in gram positive bacteria
allows for adherence to surfaces for bacteria made up of polysaccharides prevents bacteria from being recognized by hosts immune system prevent dessication
36
periplasmic space
space between the inner membrane and peptidoglycan layer
37
structure of peptidoglycan
consists of alternating chains of NAG and NAM that are connected via glycosidic bonds have peptide chain that connects the NAM molecules of adjacent glycan chains
38
what does gram + peptidoglycan have
has a peptide cross bridge, which attaches the peptide chains to adjacent glycan strands
39
gram + gram - mycobacterium
teichoic acid LPS mycolic acid
40
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
endotoxin gram - 3 parts - lipid a - core polysaccharide - o antigen Lipid A is responsible for toxic properties found on the outer membrane
41
teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
teichoic acid is attached to the peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid is attached to the phospholipid bilayer GRAM POSITIVE
42
Atypical cell walls
Mycoplasmas - lack cell walls - sterols in the plasma membrane Archaea - wall-less or walls of pseudomurein
43
when talking abt iso/hypo/hyper tonic
we are talking abt the conditions of the external environment (ex. the solution the cell is in) of the cell
44
isotonic
same solute concentration as another solution no net movement of water
45
hypotonic
the external environment has a lower solute concentration than the cell water will enter the cell causing it to lyse
46
hypertonic
the external environment has a higher solute concentration than the cell water will leave the cell causing it to crenate
47
tonicity
the degree to which a cell can withstand changes in osmotic pressure cells that have a cell wall can withstand changes better
48
bacterial cell division
replicate quickly bc all organelles are in one place not all genes are expressed at the same time - affected by DNA binding protein
49
ribosomes
where protein synthesis takes place two subunits in prokaryotes The 30S and 50S come together to make 70-S 30S has smaller 16s subunit and 50S had 23s and 5 s subunits
50
endospores
bacterial species can shoot out spores to preserve their DNA when the environment is unfavorable
51
sporulation
vegetative cells turn into endospores
52
flagella
structures used by the cell to move in aqueous environments act like propellers
53
monotrichous
one flagella on one end
54
amphitrichous
one flagella on each end
55
lophotrichous
multiple flagella from one end
56
peritrichouse
flagella coming from everywhere
57
counterclockwise movement
bundle the flagella all together and allow bacteria to run forward
58
clockwise movement
flagella goes in all different directions , stop forward movement and allows bacteria to tumble backward
59
chemotaxis
the movement of an organism or cell in response to a chemical stimulus. Specifically, it's the process by which cells or bacteria move toward or away from certain chemicals in their environment
60
what is in the plasma membrane of eukaryotes
phospholipid bilayer transmembrane proteins peripheral proteins integral proteins sterols glycocalyx carns
61
glycocalyx in eukaryotes
carbs that come off the plasma membrane of animal cells that are bonded to proteins/lipids
62
ribosomes in eukaroytes
protein synthesis 80s ribosome with a 40s (18s) and 60s subunit BUT 70S IN MITOCHONDRIA/CHLOROPLASTS
63
Nucleus
contains chromsomes
64
ER
transport network
65
golgi complex
membrane formation and secretion
66
lysosome
digestive enzyme
67
vacuole
brings food into cells and provides support
68
mitochondria
cellular respiration
69
chloroplasts
photosynthesis
70
peroxisome
oxidation of fatty acids, destroy H2O2
71
centrosome
consists of protein fibers and centrioles
72
flagella arrangement in eukaryotes
2 central microtubules and 9 doublet microtubules that go around the 2 in a circle
73
pseudopoda
false feet , projections of cell membrane when moving
74
porins
found in gram-negative bacteria form channels through the OM and allow small molecules to enter the cell

microbiology 319 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions