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microbiology 319 > chapter 24 > Flashcards

chapter 24 Flashcards

part 2

1
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in animal tissues

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2
Q

glycogen

A

polysaccharide stored in animal tissue (e.g muscle tissue cells)

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3
Q

when does glycogenesis occur

A

too much glucose in the body

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4
Q

what is most active in glycogen production and storage

A

skeletal muscle and liver

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5
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen converted to glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis

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6
Q

when does glycogenolysis occur

A

body short on glucose

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7
Q

in skeletal muscle

A

glucose-6-phosphate cannot be released must be used for itself

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8
Q

in liver

A

Hepatocytes can covert glucose-6-phosphate to free glucose and release it to blood

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9
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources
ex. lipids and proteins

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10
Q

when does gluconeogenesis occur

A

body is desperate for glucose

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11
Q

important of gluconeogenesis

A

protective measure: prevent glucose hogging organs from experiencing low blood sugar

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12
Q

lipogenesis

A

synthesis of trigylcerides

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13
Q

When and where does lipogenesis occur

A

cytoplasm of cells
when there is excess energy: after eating a carb-heavy meal

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14
Q

lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides

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15
Q

when does lipolysis occur

A

body short on glucose
must break triglycerides for energy

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16
Q

amino acids can produce energy by

A
  1. degrading them into molecules that can be used for the citric acid cycle
  2. converted to glucose
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17
Q

what must be removed for body to use amino acids as energy

A

amine group (NH2)

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18
Q

3 processes that can convert amino acids into useable energy sources

A

transamination
oxidative deamination
modification of keto acids

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19
Q

transamination

A

the transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid

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20
Q

what accepts the amine group in transamination

A

a-ketoglutaric acid which is then transformed into glutamic acid (glutamate)

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21
Q

oxidative deamination

A

amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ammonia
ammonia combined with CO2 to form urea and is excreted

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22
Q

what does oxidative deamination produce

A

a-ketoglutaric acid again, which can be used in the citric acid cycle

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23
Q

modification of keto acids

A

keto acids in number 1 are altered
- a ketoglutaric acid
- pyruvic acid
- acetyl CoA
can e used in citric acid cycle

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24
Q

absorptive state

A

nutrient storage is occuring

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25
how does anabolic activity compare to catabolic activity in the absorptive state
anabolic > catabolic
26
how long does the absorptive state last
about 4 hours after eating a meal nutrients enter blood stream from GI tract
27
hormonal controls of absoptive state
insulin: beta cells of pancreas release insulin in response to increasing blood glucose and amino acid levels
28
what does insulin cause
diffusion of glucose into body cell increases hypoglycemic hormone uptake of amino acids increases: protein synthesis
29
postabsorptive state
nutrients used to create energy
30
how does anabolic activity compare to catabolic activity in the postabsorptive state
catabolic> anabolic
31
when does postabsorptive state occur
when GI tract is completely empty: no absorption occurring
32
importance of postabosprtive state
maintains blood glucose levels at the desirable rate 90-110 g glucose/ dL blood
33
hormonal controls of postabsorptive state
glucagon: released by alpha cells in the pancreas in response to decreasing blood glucose levels glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis occur
34
cholesterol metabolism
structural basis of bile salts steroid hormones, vitamin D, plasma membranes
35
lipoproteins
transport cholesterol to and from body tissues cholesterol is insoluble in water
36
low density lipoproteins
high lipid content
37
high density lipoproteins
high protein content
38
very low density lipoproteins
most come from the liver 70-80 triglycerides transport triglycerides from liver to peripheral tissues
39
low density lipoproteins
what remains after triglycerides are unloaded from VLDLs still has high lipid content: 30-35% transport cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues
40
high density lipoproteins
low lipid content: triglycerides and cholesterol high protein content transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver Cholesterol is broken down in the liver and used for bile provides steroid-producing organs with cholestoral for hormone production
41
blood cholesterol should be
200 mg/dl blood
42
higher levels of cholesterol linked to
heart disease atherosclerosis : hardening of blood vessels: incresse blood pressure
43
HDL are
healthy 60+ mg/dl is desirable dispose of cholesterol in body tissues
44
keep LDLs
low bring cholesterol to body tissues: can cake up in blood vessels 160+ mg/dl is not good
45
regulation of blood cholesterol
negative feedback loop between diet and liver intake of saturated fats and unsaturated fats influence cholesterol levels
46
saturated fat intake stimulates
cholesterol production by liver and prevents its excretion high saturated fat= high blood cholesterol
47
unsaturated fat intake stimulates
catabolism to bile salts and its excretion high unsaturated fat intake= lower blood cholesterol
48
trans fat intake
increases LDLs and decreases HDLs
49
other influences of HDLs and LDLS
1. stress and smoking: lower HDLS 2. regular exercise and estrogen: lower LDLS 3. body shape: apple-shaped ppl are more prone to higher LDLs compared to pear-shaped individuals
50
energy intake
energy liberated during food oxidation
51
energy output
energy used to do work, energy stored as fat or glycogen or energy lost as heat
52
heat cannot be used as an energy source but is useful for
1. warming tissues and blood 2. maintaining internal body temperature
53
what structure helps regulating food intake
hypothalamus: regulates and influences feeding behaviors
54
hunger promoting regions of hypothalamus
arcuate nucleus(ARC) : NPY/ AgRP neurons release neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide
55
what does NPY make us crave
carbohydrates: short on glucose NPY makes hunger fast and severe
56
satiety promoting regions of the hypothalamus
Arcuate nucleus(ARCH): POMC and CART neurons release peptides: bind to brain no longer feel hunger
57
POMC
pro-opiomelanocortin
58
CART
cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript
59
short term regulation of intake
1. neural signals from the digestive tract 2. blood levels of nutrients 3. GI tract hormones
60
neural signals of digestive tract
vagal nerve fibers carry information between the brain and gut and allows the brain to tell 1. content of ingested food (carbs, proteins and lipids) 2. suppression of appetite via activation stretch receptors
61
appetite suppressing hormones
insulin Cholecystokinin (CCK): blocks affects of NPY
62
appetite stiulating hormones
glucagon epinephrine Ghrelin (GHr): released by stomach during fasting periods
63
long term regulation of intake
leptin: hormone released by adipose tissue in response to increasing body fat stores allows brain to keep track of how much total energy is stored in fat tissue
64
rising leptin binds to ARC
NPY release inhibited Stimulates CART
65
metabolic rate
the body's rate of energy output, including the total heat produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body
66
basal metabolic rate
the energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities breathing and resting level of organ function
67
total metabolic rate
the rate of calorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities (involuntary and voluntary)

microbiology 319 (14 decks)

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