Chapter 10

Question 1

need

Answer 1

a personal requirement

Question 2

safety needs

Answer 2

the things we require for physical and emotional security

Question 3

team

Answer 3

two or more workers operating as a coordinated unit to accomplish a specific task or goal

Question 4

motivation

Answer 4

the individual internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior; the personal “force” that causes you or me to behave in a particular way

Question 5

morale

Answer 5

an employee’s feelings about his or her job and superiors and about the firm itself

Question 6

scientific management

Answer 6

the application of scientific principles to management of work and workers

Question 7

piece-rate system

Answer 7

a compensation system under which employees are paid a certain amount for each unit of output they produce

Question 8

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 8

a sequence of human needs in the order of their importance

Question 9

physiological needs

Answer 9

the things we require for survival

Question 10

social needs

Answer 10

the human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging

Question 11

esteem needs

Answer 11

our need for respect, recognition, and a sense of our own accomplishment and worth

Question 12

self-actualization needs

Answer 12

the need to grow and develop and to become all that we are capable of being

Question 13

motivation-hygiene theory

Answer 13

the idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate and distinct dimensions

Question 14

motivation factors

Answer 14

job factors that increase motivation, although their absence does not necessarily result in dissatisfaction

Question 15

hygiene factors

Answer 15

job factors that reduce dissatisfaction when present to an acceptable degree but that do not necessarily result in high levels of motivation

Question 16

Theory X

Answer 16

a concept of employee motivation generally consistent with Taylor’s scientific management; assumes that employees dislike work and will function only in a highly controlled work environment

Question 17

Theory Z

Answer 17

the belief that some middle ground between type A and type J practices is best for American business

Question 18

reinforcement theory

Answer 18

a theory of motivation based on the premise that rewarded behavior is likely to be repeated, whereas punished behavior is less likely to recur

Question 19

equity theory

Answer 19

a theory of motivation based on the premise that people are motivated to obtain and preserve equitable treatment for themselves

Question 20

expectancy theory

Answer 20

a model of motivation based on the assumption that motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we think we are to get it

Question 21

goal-setting theory

Answer 21

a theory of motivation suggesting that employees are motivated to achieve goals that they and their managers establish together

Question 22

management by objectives (MBO)

Answer 22

a motivation technique in which managers and employees collaborate in setting goals

Question 23

job enrichment

Answer 23

a motivation technique that provides employees with more variety and responsibility in their jobs

Question 24

job enlargement

Answer 24

expanding a worker’s assignments to include additional but similar tasks

Question 25

job design

Answer 25

a type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker–job match

Question 26

behavior modification

Answer 26

a systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior

Question 27

flextime

Answer 27

a system in which employees set their own work hours within employer-determined limits

Question 28

part-time work

Answer 28

permanent employment in which individuals work less than a standard work week

Question 29

job sharing

Answer 29

an arrangement whereby two people share one fulltime position

Question 30

telecommuting

Answer 30

working at home all the time or for a portion of the workweek

Question 31

empowerment

Answer 31

making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their participation in decision making

Question 32

employee ownership

Answer 32

a situation in which employees own the company they work for by virtue of being stockholders

Question 33

problem-solving team

Answer 33

a team of knowledgeable employees brought together to tackle a specific problem.

Question 34

self-managed teams

Answer 34

groups of employees with the authority and skills to manage themselves

Question 35

cross-functional team

Answer 35

a team of individuals with varying specialties, expertise, and skills that are brought together to achieve a common task

Question 36

virtual team

Answer 36

a team consisting of members who are geographically dispersed but communicate electronically

Question 37

Theory Y

Answer 37

a concept of employee motivation generally consistent with the ideas of the human relations movement; assumes responsibility and work toward organizational goals, and by doing so they also achieve personal rewards