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Psych 1200 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioural characteristics span across the lifespan

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2
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Measures and compares samples of people at different ages at a given point in time
Less expensive and quicker
Subject to Cohort Effects->generational differences

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3
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Follows development of same set of individuals through time
More expensive and time consuming
Subject to attrition-> dropping out

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4
Q

Embryonic Stage (2 weeks)

A

Nerve cells develop
Layer of specialized cells fold to create neural tube->brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Embryonic Stage (4 weeks)

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain divisions observable

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6
Q

Embryonic Stage (7 Weeks)

A

Spinal cord development allows movement, strengthening and coordination of limbs

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7
Q

Embryonic Stage (11 Weeks)

A

Cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem all developed

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8
Q

Embryonic Stage (7 months)

A

Cerebral cortex forms folds and ridges
Myelin builds up around developing nerve cells

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9
Q

Embryonic Stage (9 months/birth)

A

Brain approx 25% size and weight of adult brain
Approx 100 billion neurons (but most connections not established yet)

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10
Q

Fetal Brain Development

A

Vulnerable to harmful environmental influences

Malnutrition in Fetal Stage causes underdeveloped prefrontal cortices and other areas related to self control ->higher prob for attention deficit disorders/impaired emotional control

Teratogens->Substances that impair developmental process
-drugs,alcohol,,environmental toxins

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11
Q

Senses in infancy

A

Taste and olfactory systems developed at birth
Newborns prefer mother’s voice/familiar stories

Approx 1/40th visual acuity of adults (30cm away)
Comparable at 6 months, and at 8 months equal

Prefer to look at stimuli resembling faces

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12
Q

Motor development in infancy

A

Babies with crawl experience have depth perception and danger understanding

Reflexes: Involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation
-rooting reflex (turning to stimuli in corner of mouth)
-moro reflex (reaching out of arms, then hugging motion; grimacing)
-grasping reflex
-stepping reflex (straighten leg to anticipate pressure on sole of foot)

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13
Q

Central Nervous System Development

A

Myelination of axon occurs rapidly through infancy + childhood
Myelination of sensorimotor systems contribute to voluntary motor control

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14
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Forming new synaptic connections

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15
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Loss of weak nerve cell connections

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16
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur through lifespan

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17
Q

Sensitive Period

A

When exposure to specific types of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of specific ability
-language acquisition, depth perception, balance, parent recognition, identifying with particular culture

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18
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Studied, tested and measured his own children
Interested in how children think and reason

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19
Q

Piaget’s 2 central processes:

A

Assimilation:Fitting new information into a belief system already possessed
Accommodation: Modifying belief structures based on new experiences

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20
Q

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
Formal Operational (11-adulthood)

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21
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Thoughts bases on immediate sensory and motor exploration
Object permanence: Objects exist even when not perceived

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22
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Focused on language development, symbol use, pretend play
Understand object permanence but not abstract thinking
Scale errors
Can count and use numbers but cant manipulate this information (conservation)
Conservation: Knowledge that quantity or amount of object is not same as physical arrangement or appearance of object

23
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Logical thinking and number manipulation skills
Can problem solve and reason with logical concepts BUT logical operations must conform to previous experience and beliefs (Transitivity Property)

24
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Advanced cognitive processes like abstract thinking and hypothetical thinking

25
Core Knowledge Hypothesis
Infants are born with abilities to understand key aspects of their environment
26
Habituation-dishabituation
Habituation: Decrease in responding with repeated exposure to event Dishabituation: Increase in responding to new stimulus
27
Attachment
Enduring emotional bond formed between individuals Originally thought to be just biological drives (survival) Motivated by feelings of security and comfort (Harry Harlow's monkeys)
28
Strange Situation Test
Measured human infant attachment 4 Attachment Styles
29
Secure Attachment
Occasionally 'checks in' with parent while exploring Some distress when parent leaves, avoids stranger Seeks comfort from parent when they return
30
Insecure Attachment (Anxious/ambivalent)
Exhibits 'clingy' behaviour rather than exploration Very upset when parent leaves, fearful of stranger Seeks comfort when parent returns, but also resists
31
Insecure (Avoidant)
Does not need parent Unconcerned when parent leaves, unconcerned of stranger Does not seek contact upon return
32
Disorganized Attachment
Instability Views parent as source of comfort and fear Switches between seeking comfort, resisting and freezing
33
Self Awareness
Ability to recognize one's own individuality Children start egocentrically focused Eventually develop 'Theory of Mind': Aware of differences with others Arises as children understand and interpret their own internal mental or emotional states and attribute to others
34
Erik Erikson's 8 Stages (First 4)
Infancy: Trust vs mistrust Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs Shame Early Childhood: Initiative vs Guilt Childhood: Industry vs Inferiority
35
Puberty
Begins at 11 years for girls and 13 for boys Hypothalamus>Pituitary Gland>Release of hormones (estrogen/testosterone)>development of primary and secondary sex traits
36
Sex Traits
Primary: Directly related to reproduction eg. spermarche, menarche Secondary:Indirectly related to reproduction Release of hormones associated with major changes in brain and emotional experiences
37
Adolescence
More likely for risky and impulsive behaviour -glorification of high risk behaviour -peer pressure -independence from parental supervision Cognitive control systems (prefrontal cortex) developing while reward fully developed Presence of others can reduce frontal lobe activity
38
Moral Development
Preconventional Morality Conventional Morality Postconventional Morality Moral reasoning doesn't predict actual behaviour
39
Identity
One's sense of the kind of person they are, what types of people they belong to, and their roles in society Stage 5: Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion
40
Gender Identity
Transgender Dysphoria: Anxiety/discomfort for birth sex Prenatal hormones may help determine sexual orientation
41
Social Development
Peer Groups: Common social and behavioural interests, goals, conventions Social exclusion causes shame, worthlessness, inferiority, difficulty establishing identity Romantic Relationships: Safety and security needs switch to physical and emotional intimacy
42
Emerging Adult 3 Main areas of personal growth
Relationships New possibilities Personal Strength
43
Early/Middle adulthood
Minor physical development Menopause(50 years) -reduction of estrogen, progesterone, hot flashes, sleep disruptions, mood changes Testosterone and sexual motivation declines in men
44
Adult stages
6. Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation 7. Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation
45
Love and Marriage
Committed long term relationship: -greater health, longer life, happier 40% marriages end in divorce
46
Gottman's Love Lab
Observed couples interacting Could predict divorce with 94% accuracy
47
4 Horsemen of Relationship Apocalypse
Criticism Defensiveness Contempt Stonewalling
48
Parental and Marital Satisfaction
Within 2 years of having children, decline in marital satisfaction (larger for high SES and young parents) Increases after children leave home
49
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Older adults select more positive and nourishing experiences More attention to positive Participate in activities emphasizing positive emotions and meaningful connections with others
50
Late Adulthood Stage:
8. Aging Ego integrity vs Despair
51
Aging
Neurodegeneration General reduction in grey an white matter volume in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex Decline in Gf More widespread activation when performing tasks (ineffective cognitive strategies)
52
Dementia
14% of people over 71 Mild-severe disruption of mental functioning, memory loss, disorientation, poor judgement and decision making
53
Alzheimer's Disease
Caused by buildup of protein (plaques) and/or neurofibrillary tangles in brain
54
Erikson's Stages
Infancy: Trust vs mistrust Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs Shame Early Childhood: Initiative vs Guilt Childhood: Industry vs Inferiority Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation Aging: Ego integrity vs Despair

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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