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Psych 1200 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Collection of glands which produce and releases hormone

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2
Q

Hormones

A

-Chemicals secreted into the bloodstream that travel through the body
-Less effective than neurotransmitters
-Contribute to homeostasis

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain structure regulating biological needs and motivational systems

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4
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

-Receives input from hypothalamus
-Master gland that produces hormone and commands hormone production from other glands in endocrine system
-Ex adrenal gland (stress), pineal gland(sleep/wake cycle)
-Produces endorphins (pain reduction /pleasure) and testosterone

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5
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s subjective awareness
-thoughts
-perceptions
-experiences
-self awareness

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6
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

-Internally driven daily cycles
-Affect physiological and behavioural processes
•sleep/wake
•hunger
•concentration

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7
Q

Circadian Rhythm (How it works)

A

Retina stimulated by light
Sends environmental info to SCN
Pineal Gland
Releases Melatonin
Hypothalamus (Control Center)

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8
Q

Entrainment

A

Biological rhythms synchronizing to external cues
Ex Light, temperature, clocks

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9
Q

Endogenous Rhythms

A

Biological rhythms generated by body
Independent of external cues

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10
Q

Polysomnography

A

Set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep
-respiration, body temp, muscle activity

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11
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

-Measures excitatory and inhibitory activity in groups of neurons in brain
-Produces a waveform
•frequency and amplitude

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12
Q

Stages of Sleep (Awake)

A

Beta Waves:
high frequency 15-30 Hz
low amplitude
wakefulness
Alpha Waves:
lower frequency 8-14 Hz
daydreaming, meditating, falling asleep

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13
Q

Stages of Sleep (1-2)

A

Theta Waves (1-2):
Lower frequency 4-8 Hz
Higher amplitude
Breathing, blood pressure, heart rate decrease
Still sensitive to external stimuli

Sleep spindles (2)
Clusters of high fre low amp waves

K complexes (2)
Small groups of large amp waves

2 important for memory formation? Theory

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14
Q

Stages of Sleep (3-4)

A

Delta Waves
-low frequency <3 Hz
-high amplitude
-deep sleep

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15
Q

REM(Rapid Eye Movement)

A

Quickening brain waves
Inhibited body movement
Rapid eye movements

Approx 20-25% of total sleep

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16
Q

Restore and Repair Hypothesis

A

Our bodies need to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear from day
Lack of sleep associated with cognitive decline,emotional disturbances, impaired immune system
Sleeping helps clear waste products and excess proteins in the brain

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17
Q

Preserve and Protect Hypothesis

A

Sleep is important to preserve energy and protect organism from harm
Prey sleep in safe locations when predators awake and hunting
Higher food chain animals sleep more

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18
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Occurs when individual cannot or does not sleep
Related to internal and external factors
Impaired coordination (0.07 blood alcohol level-1 night)

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19
Q

Sleep Displacement

A

When individual does not sleep at normal time
Can be related to external and internal factors

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20
Q

The Psychoanalytical Approach (Sigmund Freud)

A

Dreams unconscious expression of wishes
Manifest Content (literal content)
Latent Content (meaning)

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21
Q

The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

A

Dreams arise from brain activity
Specifically excitatory message bursts in Pons
Pons> explains REM
> stimulation of occipital+temporal lobes can produce sights and sounds
Different regions of cortex attempt to make sense of this info: Synthesis
(Frontal lobe key role in story bridging)

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22
Q

Insomnia Disorder

A

Extreme lack of sleep (17% Canadians)
Onset, maintenance, terminal
Often related to other conditions

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23
Q

Nightmares

A

Vivid and disturbing dreams occurring during REM sleep (85-95% of adults)

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24
Q

Night Terrors

A

Intense panic and arousal inducing heightened emotional state (1% of adults, 1-6% of children)
Occurs during non-REM sleep

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25
REM behaviour disorder
No restricted movement during REM Acting out content of dreams
26
Somnambulism
Wandering/ Other activities while asleep During non-REM sleep Prevalent in childhood
27
Sexomania
Sexual activity while asleep
28
Sleep Apnea
Obstruction of air flow causing temporary inability to breathe Treatments include: Dental devices holding head in pos Weight loss CPAP devices Can be caused by brain’s failure to regulate breathing -Medulla> Responsible for controlling chest muscles while breathing
29
Narcolepsy
Extreme daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks Few seconds to few mins Immediate transition to REM Can be triggered by intense emotion Medication can treat Associated with lower levels of orexin -hormone from hypothalamus to maintain wakefulness
30
Hypnosis
Induces heightened state of suggestibility -ideomotor suggestions -challenge suggestions -cognitive-perceptual suggestions
31
Dissociation Theory
Conscious divided into 2 parts Low level system with perception and movement Executive system to evaluate and monitor behaviours Hypnotic suggestions bypass executive system -reduced activity in frontal lobe
32
Social Cognitive Theory
Emphasizes degree beliefs and expectations contribute to suggestibility People conform to what they expect
33
Hypnosis (More)
Sometimes pairs with other psychotherapies CBT + hypnosis = cognitive hypnotherapy Potential for pain treatment (60-75% report reduced pain) Connections involving anterior Cingulate gyrus differ between hypnotizable and non hypnotizable
34
Mind Wandering
Unintentional redirection of attention Default Mode Network -Network of brain regions most active when awake but no external stimuli Frontoparietal Network -goal directed thinking and attention control Mind wanderers think about future more
35
Pons
Relay of neural impulses Control of voluntary movement Transfer of info between the medulla and Cortex
36
Locked In Syndrome
Patient is aware and awake but unable to move Damage to pons?
37
MCS (minimally conscious state)
Able to show some behaviours, even on inconsistent basis Some activity in higher order sensory and cognitive regions
38
Vegetative state
Minimal to not consciousness Eyes may be open Developed sleep wake cycles Caused by extensive brain damage?
39
Coma
Complete loss of consciousness Damages to brainstem? -suppressed reflexes (pupil dilation/constriction) -widespread damage to both hemispheres -2-4 weeks to recover
40
Brain Death
Brain and brain stem no longer function Brainstem regions for basic life functions don’t work
41
Case Study 1
Vegetative state Imagine Tennis- Activity in movement brain areas Imagine House- Spacial network (para hippocampal gyrus and parietal lobe)
42
Case Study 2
Used tennis house technique for yes no communication
43
Agonists
Enhance or mimic neurotransmitter actions
44
Antagonists
Inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing transmitter synthesis
45
Dopamine
Reward, pleasurable feelings When released in nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area, gives high Pleasure reinforces drug taking behaviour Anticipation can release dopamine
46
Short Term
More powerful in novel settings Subsequent uses can make more potent Expectations influence effects
47
Long term
Tolerance -caused by brain attempting to maintain stable levels of neurotransmitters Down regulation> decrease in receptor sensitivity in synapse
48
Dependence
Physical dependence -need to take drug to ward off withdrawal Psychological dependence -emotional need for drug Biopsychosocial model
49
Psychoactive drugs
Affect thinking, perception and emotion
50
Stimulants
Speed up activity of nervous system, enhance wakefulness and alertness
51
Caffeine
Adenosine antagonist binds to adenosine receptors, blocking them Temporarily increases energy levels and alertness by stimulating adrenal glands
52
Cocaine
Blocks dopamine reuptake (dopamine agonist) Can influence seratonin (mood appetite sleep) and norepinephrine(memory, attention, sleep, mood) levels
53
Amphetamines
Prescription drugs (Ritalin, Provigil) -Methamphetamine > stimulates dopamine release from presynaptic cells (dopamine agonist) Can cause structural abnormalities in frontal lobe
54
Ecstasy/MDMA
Stimulant with hallucinogenic effects Blocks seratonin reuptake (seratonin agonist) Can help with ptsd
55
Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)
Produce perceptual distortions Low likelihood for dependence Distortions May be visual, auditory, tactile Can occur in nature (psilocybin, mescaline) Powerful emotional experiences
56
LSD
Lab made synthetic drug that triggers unusual sensory experiences Increase activity in visual brain areas, but visual stimuli also activate non visual areas Reduced connection between temporal and parietal lobes -losing oneself Can treat anxiety with terminal illnesses
57
Ketamine
Developed as short term surgical anesthetic Induces dream like states, memory loss, dizziness, confusion, distorted sense of body ownership Blocks glutamate receptors(direct glutamate antagonist) Glutamate -primary excitatory neurotransmitter, memory, ANS system reactions 1 hour
58
DMT
In certain tree barks, toad skin surface, human nervous system Intense spiritual experiences and connectiveness Can reduce addiction to tobacco and alcohol 1 hour
59
Salvia Divinorum
Herb in central and South America Intense short lived hallucinations when smoked or chewed Dissociative experiences 1 hour
60
Opiates (Narcotics)
Reduce pain and induce immediate euphoria, high dependence Eg. heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone Bond to endogenous endorphin receptors Endorphins -neurotransmitters that reduce pain and produce pleasurable feeling
61
Sedatives
Depress activity of central nervous system, high dependence Eg. Barbituates> early medicine to treat anxiety and promote sleep -can shut down brainstem functions Benzodiazepines (Xanax, Ativan, Valium) -increase GABA activity(GABA agonist) -impair attention, reaction time, coordination GABA -primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, lower arousal/anxiety, facilitates sleep
62
Alcohol
Moderate to high dependence Stimulates GABA receptors, then opiate and dopamine receptors Increased consumption leads to increased GABA
63
Marijuana
Combined hallucinogenic, stimulant and relaxing effects, low dependence Anandamide agonist THC compound in marijuana mimics anandamide and binds to cannabinoid receptors to induce euphoria, relaxing, pain reduction, sensory experience, appetite Good for cancer
64
Marijuana effects
Impares short and long term memory and executive functions Decreased frontal lobe activity (memory retrieval) Cannabinoid receptors found throughout hippocampus and medial frontal lobes Long term use associated with reduced grey and white matter in memory regions of temporal lobe
65
Marijuana and teenage brain
Impares frontal lobe development and disrupts white matter pathways in brain Impaired cognitive abilities such as memory and executive functioning

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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