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Psych 1200 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

Physiological and psychological processes underlying initiation of behaviours directing organism to a specific goal

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body’s physiological process to maintain consistent internal states in response to outer environment

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3
Q

Drive

A

Biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek it

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4
Q

Incentives

A

Stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

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5
Q

Allostasis

A

Motivation from anticipating future needs

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Nuclei on bottom of brain involved in regulating motivation and homeostasis via hormones
Sensitive to changes in glucose
Lateral:On
Ventromedial:Off
Paraventricular:Inhibits

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7
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

Emotional processing
Activated by fatty foods

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8
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

Links food taste, texture with feelings of reward

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9
Q

Cognitive Influences for food

A

Unit Bias: Assumption that the unit of sale or portion size is appropriate amount to consume
Marketing

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10
Q

Social Context for food

A

Social Facilitation: Eating more for particular role or expectation
Impression Management: Eating less to seem polite
Modelling: Eating what someone else is to fit in

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11
Q

Obesity

A

Food intake exceeds energy expenditure
60% males and 45% females overweight

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12
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Self starvation
Intense fear of weight gain and body dissatisfaction
Denial of health issues associated with low weight

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13
Q

Bullimia Nervosa

A

Periods of food deprivation, binging, purging
Impulsive
More likely to enter treatment programs

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14
Q

Disorders of Eating

A

Higher levels of stress
Perceived loss of control
Lack of control implicates development of disorder
Social factors: Peers, friends family, social media

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15
Q

Effects of Eating Disorders

A

Anorexia: Increased amygdala activity (fear, emotional arousal) with words related to body image
Bulimia: Increased activity in medial frontal lobes (emotional processing) when presented images of overweight bodies compared to thin ones
General: Activation in insula (disgust) when compared to idealized models

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16
Q

Libido

A

Motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

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17
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

Members of same sex competing for mating opportunities with opposite sex
Evolutionarily advantageous

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18
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

Members of one sex selecting partners based on desirable traits
Typically males attract females

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19
Q

Mate Selection

A

People prefer mates appearing healthy (more fertile, good genes)

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20
Q

Sex-Specific Differences

A

Women value strong financial prospects, status, good health
Men value physical beauty youth, reproduction

21
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

Excitement>Plateu>Orgasm>Resolution
Influenced by hypothalamus
Sexual stimulation>Hypothalamus>Pituitary Gland> Oxytocin release

22
Q

Gender Roles

A

Accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a society

23
Q

Sexual Scripts

A

Rules and assumptions about sexual behaviour of males and females

24
Q

Sex Guilt

A

Negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards for sexual behaviour

25
Changes in Scripts and Roles
Women's rights movement More women in workforce Effective contraception
26
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization: Point where person reaches full potential as creative deep thinking accepting human being Criticisms: Level basis too simple Biased towards individualistic western culture
27
Affiliation Motivation
To maintain relationships involving pleasant feelings like warmth, affection, appreciation, mutual concern Sense of being in permanent relationship Loneliness is risk factor for heart disease, cancer, hypertension, impaired immune system, high stress
28
Terror Management Theory
Humans' fear of mortality motivates behaviours preserving self esteem and sense of belonging
29
Love
Passionate Love: Physical and emotional longing for other person -associated with areas in brain related to physical reward. and insula (sensitive to internal bodily feelings) Companionate Love: Tenderness and affection felt when lives are connected -influences long term stability of relationship
30
Love in the Brain
May be goal oriented state like hunger Caudate Nucleus: Related to experiencing rewards (dopamine)
31
Achievement Motivation
Drive to perform at high levels and accomplish significant goals
32
Approach Goals
Enjoyable and pleasant incentives that draw a person to particular behaviour
33
Avoidance Goals
Attempt to avoid unpleasant outcome
34
Self Determination Theory
Individual's ability to achieve goals and psychological well being is influenced by degree of control they have over their behaviours
35
3 Universal Needs
Relatedness: Feelings of connection Autonomy: Feeling in control Competence: Satisfaction when performing a task at skill level -skill efficacy: individual's confidence to plan and execute an action to solve a problem
36
Extrinsic Motivation
Performance Motive: Focused on rewards, public recognition, avoiding embarrassment Loses some autonomy Amotivational: Little to no motivation for behaviour
37
Intrinsic Motivation
Mastery Motive: Genuine, internal motivation to perform behaviours, overcome challenges Unrelated to potential for reward/outside validation
38
3 Components of Behaviour
Subjective thought/experience Patterns of neural activity and physical arousal Observable behavioural expression
39
Initial Response
Emotion dependent responses occur within 150 ms of sensing potential threat -identify presence (quicker) without needing to consciously identify it (slower) Amygdala receives sensory input 200 ms after emotional stimulus appears
40
Amygdala
Group of nuclei in medial portion of temporal lobe, sensitive to emotionally arousing stimuli -especially sensitive to fear-relevant images and sounds Sends feedback to sensory areas (visual, auditory cortices): more attention toward potentially threatening stimulus
41
Autonomic Nervous System
Threatening emotional stimuli trigger brain areas involved in planning movement and several regions of spinal cord Trigger sympathetic system
42
Emotional Regulation
Frontal lobes receive information from amygdala and other sensory areas Determine if emotional response is valid Generate next appropriate behaviour Otherwise, decrease SNS response
43
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Physiological reactions come before emotional experience Perception of fearful stimulus>Physiological reaction>Brain receives feedback>Brain creates fear
44
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Brain interprets situation, generates subjective emotional feelings, which trigger physiological responses in body Perception of fearful stimulus>Brain creates fear>Physiological response
45
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Cognitive labels we attach to patterns of physical arousal form basis of emotional experiences Step 1: Physical arousal Step 2: Cognitive label -misattributing emotional arousal, reappraising anxiety as excitement
46
Evolutionary Explanation
Feelings of disgust>Nose scrunching Feelings of fear>Eyes widening, deep inhalation Evidence suggests universal, cross cultural recognition of body language
47
Emotional dialects
Variation in how common emotions are expressed
48
Display Rules
Unwritten expectations regarding when its appropriate to show certain emotions
49
Interpretation of emotional expressions across cultures
Western evaluate individual emotions while asian evaluate emotion of individual in relation to whole group

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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