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Psych 1200 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Concept

A

Mental representation of an object, event or idea

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2
Q

Categories

A

Clusters of interrelated concepts

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3
Q

Rule based categorization

A

Categorizing objects or events according to
-rules
-features

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4
Q

Comparison based categorization

A

Prototype-Mental representation of an average category member
Exemplar-Specific (real) example best representing category
Graded membership-some concepts make better category members than others

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5
Q

Semantic Networks

A

Interconectes set of nodes(concepts)
Joined by links to form a category
Reaction time can be used to test hierarchal organization, connectedness of networks

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6
Q

Priming

A

Activation of individual concepts in LTM
Can influence which concepts/categories are referenced

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7
Q

Basic Level Categories

A

Level prototypes exist

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8
Q

Experience and categorization

A

Our experiences help us compare and categorize stimuli quickly and accurately
Can lead to bias

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9
Q

The brain and categorization

A

Temporal lobe damage: difficulty identifying objects, while still able to describe object features
Category Specific Visual Agnosia: Difficulty identifying stimuli from a specific category
> suggests specialized networks for small group of categories important for evolutionary success

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10
Q

Culture and categorization

A

Folk Biology: How the natural world is conceptualized and categorized differently across cultures
(Basic level categories differ across cultures)
Cross cultural differences in perceived relation between objects
(NA single object characteristics, Japan object in relation to environment)

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11
Q

Problem solving

A

Accomplishing a goal when solution or path to solution is not clear

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12
Q

Algorithms

A

Problem solving strategies based on series of rules

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13
Q

Heuristics

A

Problem solving strategies using prior knowledge to make educated guesses

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14
Q

Mental Set

A

Cognitive obstacle occurring when trying to solve new problem with routine incorrect solution
Functional Fixedness: identifying an object or technique to solve a problem but only thinking or most obvious function

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15
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

Belied that finding a specific member in 2 overlapping categories is more likely than in one larger general category

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16
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Making judgements of likelihood based on how well example represents specific category

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17
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating frequency of event based on how easily examples of it come to mind

18
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Remaining committed to decision or belief when provided evidence against it

19
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Searching for (or only paying attention to) evidence that confirms belief instead of evidence that may disconfirm belief

20
Q

Aphasia

A

Language disorder caused by damage to brain structures that support use and understanding of language

21
Q

Paul broca

A

Broca’s area: Region of left frontal lobe that controls our ability to articulate speech sounds that compose words

22
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Wernicke’s area: area of brain most associated with understanding words

23
Q

Language

A

Form of communication that involves use of spoken, written or gestural symbols combined in rule based format
Contains discrete units of differing complexity
Spoken language combines units of sound (200 sounds for humans ) into infinite number of meanings

24
Q

Phonemes

A

Most basic units of speech sounds

25
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest meanings units of a language

26
Q

Semantics

A

Study of how people understand the meaning of words

27
Q

Syntax

A

Rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences
Most basic units
>nouns and verbs

28
Q

Pragmatics

A

Study of non linguistic elements of language use
Emphasizes speaker’s behaviours and social situation
How something is said more important than what is said (inferences)
Flouting>disregarding language rules in obvious way

29
Q

Infants-2 Months

A

Infants show preference for speech sounds over non speech sounds

30
Q

Infants-6 Months

A

Infants show preference for context words (nouns and verbs)

31
Q

Infants-8-10 Months

A

Infants begin perceiving sounds in ways consistent with native language

32
Q

Infants-20 Months

A

Children able to use newly developed perceptual categories to quickly learn new words

33
Q

Fast mapping

A

Ability to map words onto concepts or objects after only a single exposure

34
Q

Naming Explosion

A

Rapid increase in vocabulary size
-fast mapping
-language related functions begin to localize in left hemisphere
-increase in axon myelination>increased speed of neuronal communication

35
Q

Procedural Spoken Language

A

Early psychologists focused on behavioural approaches to language learning
-believe language was learned by imitating sounds and associated reinforcement
-language learning replaced with language acquisition
-regardless of language, children acquired similar language capabilities in stages

36
Q

Stages

A

1-2: cooing
4-10: babbling(consonants)
8-16: single word
24: two word
24+: complete phrases

37
Q

Bilingualism

A

Children-smaller vocab for each
Adults- slower at naming pictures, alphabetical word lists
Benefits- greater executive functioning, attention, greater frontal lobe connectivity

38
Q

Genes, evolution and language

A

Genetics and evolutionary pressures led to development of brains capable of language
FOXP2 gene related to languages function
>mutations associated with difficulty turning thoughts to words
>found in other species
>role in component of language

39
Q

Can Animals Use Language?

A

Songbirds have similar language related genes
Monkey species have connections between brain areas like Broca’s and Wernicke’s
-involved in control of facial and throat muscles
Chimpanzees
-can learn sign language (to 200)
-communicate using symbols(lexigrams) up to 350
-can recognize spoken words up to 3000

40
Q

Limitations

A

Limited use of syntax
Don’t pass skills on
Limited productivity
-creating new words/gestures or using existing gestures to name new objects or events

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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