Chapter 14

Question 1

Tobacco Use:

Answer 1

2021- 12.9% Canadian adults smoke
Down from 19.9% -2012

Associated With:
Lung, mouth, throat cancer
Heart disease
Pulmonary diseases (ex. emphysema)
Life expectancy 7-14 years shorter

Question 2

Media Exposure

Answer 2

Association between smoking in movies and in adolescence (even with confounding variables)
Watching scenes with smoking increase likelihood of smoking after viewing scene
Increase in prevalence of smoking in movies from 1990-2007 associated with higher adolescent smoking rates
Opposite observed as well
-less smoking in movies ->lower adolescent smoking rate

Question 3

Efforts to Prevent Smoking

Answer 3

Banning smoking in public places
-reduces second hand smoke exposure
Increase taxes on tobacco
-raises funds for healthcare and anti-smoking campaigns
Text/pictorial warnings on packaging
-Pictures more effective -> 40% of canadian smokers report graphic warnings motivated them to quit

Question 4

Social Contagion

Answer 4

Spreading of behaviour as result of social interactions
-usually subtle and unintentional
-can apply to smoking, body weight other health related behaviour

Question 5

Poverty

Answer 5

Positive correlation between health and wealth
Wealthy have more access to better health care, greater control over environment
Increased stress associated with poverty, discrimination, other social stressors
-higher rates of depression, anxiety, health problems like heart disease

Question 6

Prejudice and Discrimination Associated With

Answer 6

Increased blood pressure, heart rate
Greater risk of unhealthy behaviours like smoking or substance abuse
Prolonged stress response, increased levels of stress hormones

Question 7

Family and Social Environment

Answer 7

Long-term isolation as dangerous as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure

Question 8

Social Resilience

Answer 8

Ability to keep positive relationships and to endure, recover from social isolation and life stressors
-helps protect from negative health consequences associated with loneliness and social isolation

Question 9

Proven long-term health benefits of marriage

Answer 9

Greater longevity, better mental/physical health
Also result of social support and combined resources
Increased marital/relationship issues associated with higher rates of depression and physical illness

Question 10

Stress

Answer 10

Psychological and physiological reaction that occurs when perceived demands exceed resources to meet those demands

Question 11

Stressor

Answer 11

The event/stimulus
-Can be acute (one time) or chronic (consistent)

Question 12

Stress Response

Answer 12

The experience in response to the event

Question 13

Appraisal

Answer 13

Cognitive act of assessing and evaluating potential threat and demands of an event

Question 14

Primary Appraisal

Answer 14

Perception of potential threat: Is this a threat?
No-No stress
Yes-Physiological stress and emotional reaction

Question 15

Secondary Appraisal

Answer 15

How do I cope with this threat?
-Adequate coping : No more stress
-Inadequate coping: More stress

Question 16

Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Stress

Answer 16

Primary Appraisal
Secondary Appraisal

Question 17

Stress and Performance

Answer 17

Easy tasks-moderate/high arousal helps
Difficult task-low arousal helps
Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)
-range of emotional intensity in which person is most likely to perform at their best

Question 18

General Adaption Syndrome

Answer 18

Theory of stress involving alarm, resistance and exhaustion (see diagram)

Question 19

Physiology of Stress

Answer 19

Stress can be related to variety of sources (biological, cognitive, social…), however, physical responses to stressors are generally similar
General reaction is fight or flight

Question 20

Fight or Flight Response

Answer 20

Set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats

Question 21

Stress Pathways in the Brain and Body

Answer 21

See diagram

Question 22

Tend and Befriend vs Fight or Flight

Answer 22

Tend and Befriend-Seeking out stable friendship networks for support
-may be promoted by release of oxytocin (influences social bonding, among other behaviours)

Some evidences suggests sex differences in stress response type
-Men: Fight or Flight
-Women: Tend and Befriend

Question 23

Stress During Potentially Stressful Marital Interaction Tasks

Answer 23

Higher oxytocin and vasopressin levels associated with positive interactions including acceptance, support, self-disclosure, faster healing of minor wound

Lower levels associated with hostility, withdrawal and distress slower healing of minor wound

Intranasal injection of oxytocin promoted more positive constructive behaviour during discussion about marital conflict

Question 24

Oxytocin

Answer 24

Inhibits amygdala activity, release of cortisol

Question 25

Vasopressin

Answer 25

Also controlled by hypothalamus and pituitary gland, influences levels of stress hormones released by adrenal gland

Question 26

Immunity and Illness

Answer 26

Immune system interconnected with nervous system -Stress and immune responses interact >acute stressors activate immune system >chronic stressors suppress immune system Blood samples taken during medical school final exams (stressful period of time) show reduced immune response

Question 27

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 27

Study of relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning

Question 28

The Brain and Disease

Answer 28

Stress impairs body to respond to vaccines -complicates long term treatments reliant on vaccines Stress levels affect cancer progression -norepinephrine supports cancer cell growth -cortisol magnifies norepinephrine's influence on cancer cell growth Suggests that our mental reactions to stressors can influence body's response to serious illness

Question 29

Type 'A' Personality

Answer 29

Tend to be impatient, worry all the time, are easily angered, competitive, highly motivated -more likely to experience heart attack

Question 30

Type 'B' Personality

Answer 30

More laid back, patient, easygoing, relaxed

Question 31

Coping

Answer 31

Process used to manage demands, stress and conflict

Question 32

Problem-focused Coping

Answer 32

Define the problem Work toward Solution

Question 33

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 33

Finding ways to reduce negative effects of emotion

Question 34

Positive Psychology

Answer 34

Uses scientific methods to study human strengths and potential (emphasis on positive emotion)

Question 35

Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotion

Answer 35

(Fredrickson) Positive emotions help people broaden thought processes and build new intellectual, social and physical resources Positive Emotions: Expand attentional focus to encompass a broader part of the environment, increase creativity and flexible thinking Negative Emotions: Narrow attentional focus Positive emotions help us return to normal heart rate faster

Question 36

Optimism

Answer 36

Tendency to have favourable constructive view on situation and expect positive outcomes Correlated with better physical health, lower rates of coronary heart disease

Question 37

Pessimism

Answer 37

Tendency to have negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes Correlated with increased mortality rate (19%) Pessimistic Explanatory Style: Tendency to interpret and explain negative events as internally based and as a constant, stable quality Negative Affectivity: Tendency to respond to problems with a pattern of anxiety, hostility, anger, guilt or nervousness

Question 38

Resilience

Answer 38

Ability to effectively recover from illness or adversity

Question 39

Factors/circumstances that may contribute to resilience

Answer 39

Financial and social resources Opportunities to rest and relax Generally positive experiences, circumstances Person's personality and emotional characteristics (eg optimism) contribute to resilience

Question 40

Post-Traumatic Growth

Answer 40

Capacity to grow and experience long term positive effects in response to negative events Often associated with feelings of vulnerability, increased feelings of inner strength, appreciation, spirituality, and development of more meaningful and deep relationships -Growth occurs during coping

Question 41

Meditation

Answer 41

Any procedure involving a shift in consciousness to a state in which an individual is highly focused, aware, and in control of mental processes Associated with reduced levels of anxiety, lowered blood pressure, healthy compassionate behaviour

Question 42

Focused Attention (FA) Meditation

Answer 42

Focusing attention on a specific object, or a physical sensation (eg breathing)

Question 43

Open Monitoring (OM) Meditation

Answer 43

Focusing attention on moment-by-moment sensations (without focusing on an object in particular)

Question 44

Mediation: Farb et al.

Answer 44

When trained mediators focus on thoughts and bodily reactions to a word (experimental focus) in an fMRI: Increase in areas related to perception of bodily senses, and larger decrease in activity in medial prefrontal cortex (related to self-reference) Suggests this activity helps 'separate' ourselves from self narratives

Question 45

Learned Helplessness

Answer 45

Learned suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances Person/animal learns their actions cannot remove stress, and generalizes this feeling to other situations

Question 46

Stressful Events Perception

Answer 46

Controllable: Brainstem produces stress response Inhibited by frontal lobes Not Controllable: Frontal lobes do not inhibit response

Question 47

Compensatory Control

Answer 47

Psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of non-random order when personal control is compromised