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Psych 1200 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving
Unique to each individual
Remains relatively consistent over time and situations

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2
Q

Ideographic Approach

A

Creating detailed descriptions of a specific person’s unique personality characteristics
-constructing a theory of the way someone is/why they behave that way
-intuitive rather than scientific
-eg, biographies, criminal profiling

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3
Q

Nomothetic Approach

A

Examining personality in large groups of people
-Making generalizations about personality structure (e.g. Neuroticism, Extraversion)
-Ask the question: What types of people are more/less likely to engage in certain behaviours

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4
Q

Personality Traits

A

Specific psychological characteristics that make up a person’s personality
How a specific person behaves most of the time

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5
Q

Traits vs.States

A

State: Temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour

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6
Q

Early Trait Research

A

Personality Tests/Scales
Horoscopes
Psychic Fortune Tellers

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7
Q

Barnum Statements

A

Over-generalized statements

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8
Q

Contemporary Trait Research

A

Factor Analysis: Technique to group items people respond to similarly

Raymond Cattell: 16 personality traits

McCrae and Costa: Five factor model
-trait based theory of personality based on finding that personality can be described using 5 major dimensions

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9
Q

Big 5 Personality Traits

A

Openness
Conscientiousnesses
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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10
Q

Openness

A

Low:
Prefer to follow rules, conventions
Down to earth

High:
Lots of curiosity and creativity
Artistic
Imaginative
Potentially unconventional, non conforming

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11
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Low:
Less organized, less detail oriented
Casual, potentially unreliable
Spontaneous

High:
Organized, efficient, self disciplined, punctual, dependable
Well suited for roles involving attention to detail
May experience higher levels of work-related stress

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12
Q

Extraversion

A

Low:
Introverted or reserved
Enjoy time spent alone or with less people
May avoid high levels of stimulation, social interaction

High:
Enjoy socializing
Seek attention
Assertive, talkative, enthusiastic
Prefer high levels of stimulation and excitement

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13
Q

Agreeableness

A

Low:
Not afraid to disagree, at times uncooperative
Competitive
But not the same as disagreeable

High:
Try to please others, minimize confrontation
Conflict resolution may come at cost of well-being, success (eg. Competitive environments)
Trusting, supportive, good-natured

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14
Q

Neuroticism

A

Low:
Secure, confident, stable
Usually good at managing emotions

High:
Anxious, insecure
React strongly to negative events
May focus on perceived flaws, injustices

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15
Q

HEXACO model of personality

A

6 factor that generally replicates FFM
Includes additional 6th factor:
Honest-Humility

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16
Q

Honesty-Humility

A

Low:
Deceitful, greedy, pompous
Selfish, antisocial, sometimes violent
Strong feelings of self importance and entitlement

High:
Sincere, honest, modest
Likely to perform altruistic, pro-social behaviours

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17
Q

The Dark Triad

A

3 traits believed to be central to understanding the personality roots of ‘evil’
Describe a person potentially socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest and harmful

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18
Q

Machiavellianism

A

Tendency to use people, to manipulate and deceive
Lack of respect for others, focused predominately on self interest

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19
Q

Psychopathy

A

Demonstrating shallow emotional responses, feeling little empathy for others
Enjoy high stimulating activities
Enjoy conflict, exerting control, even harming others with minimal remorse

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20
Q

Narcissim

A

Egotistical preoccupation with self-image and self-importance

21
Q

Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)

A

A set of personality characteristics that may predispose people to certain violent or antisocial tendencies

22
Q

Infant Temperments

A

Temperament: behavioural ‘style’, how one reacts in particular contexts
-eg, activity level, mood, attention span, distractibility
Infant temperaments predict adult personality traits, behavioural tendencies, life outcomes

23
Q

3 categories for temperments

A

Well-adjusted: Capable of self control, confident
Under-Controlled: Impulsive, restless, distractible, emotionally volatile
Inhibited: Socially uncomfortable, fearful, easily upset by strangers

24
Q

Personality over Lifespan

A

Relatively stable
Changing environments, social roles, autonomy, physiological development may contribute to changes in personality over time

25
Reciprocal Determinism
Personality is an interaction between behaviour, internal (personal/cognitive) factors, and external (situational) factors Social-Cognitive Approach to Personality
26
WEIRD
Most psychological research involved -western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
27
Big Five Traits Demonstrated Worldwide
17 000 participants 28 languages 56 countries on 6 continents
28
Differences Worldwide
Different cultures have different response styles: Characteristic ways of responding Scale itself is biased Likely need to reconsider personality structures using culture's native language
29
Indigenous Chinese Personality Traits with native language
Identified 26 personality traits Using Factor Analysis: 4 primary traits Dependability (Neuroticism) Social Potency (Extraversion) Individualism (Agreeableness) Interpersonal Relatedness
30
Personality and Genetics
Identical twins show stronger personality correlations than fraternal twins True for identical twins raised apart Personalities of adopted parents had no influence on personality characteristics of adopted children
31
Evolutionary Roots of Personality
Personality can be measured in animals -ex fast vs slow exploring Some animals map on to the Big 5, -ex rhinos, primates, hedgehogs, ants And some are attributed to more measures of personality -ex hyenas, octopuses, etc Variation in personality useful for evolutionary survival -reproductive success, environmental changes
32
Past Approaches
Humourism: Imbalances in bodily fluids explain illness and personality Phrenology: Personality characteristics predicted by shape of skull
33
Current Approaches
Association between personality characteristics and systems within brain
34
Extraversion in the Brain
Increase in impulsive behaviours when reward is available Stronger dopamine response to rewarding stimuli More positive emotions in range of situations Less activation in amygdala (involved in processing novelty, danger, fear)
35
The Arousal Theory of Extraversion
Extraversion determined by threshold for arousal High threshold for arousal: Seek higher amounts of stimulation (Extroversion) Low threshold for arousal: Limit stimulation to avoid being overwhelmed (Introversion)
36
Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
System in brain that plays central role in controlling arousal response Less reactive in Extroverts
37
Approach/Inhibition Model of Motivation
Involves 2 behavioural systems
38
Behavioural Activation System (BAS)
"Go system", arousing the person to action in the pursuit of a particular goal Responsive to rewards Activation associated with Extraversion
39
Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)
"Danger" system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes Activation associated with Neuroticism
40
Neuroticism in the Brain
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex: Regulating emotions Hippocampus: Control of obsessive negative thinking Mid-cingulate gyrus: Detecting errors and perceiving pain (physical or emotional)
41
Openness to Experience in Brain
Greater activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Creativity and intelligence Greater activation in brain systems involved in integration of self and environment
42
Psychodynamic Theory
The conscious mind: Current awareness The unconscious mind: Powerful inaccessible part of consciousness Includes one's lifetime memories and experiences Operates without conscious control Influences and guides our behaviour
43
Id
Collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression Operates according to pleasure principle: Do what brings you pleasure, regardless of consequences Fuelled by libido
44
Superego
Values and moral standards How we SHOULD behave Develops as we become socialized
45
Ego
Decision maker Forced to reconcile opposing urges from Id and Superego In charge of 'Anxiety defence'
46
Anxiety
Result of tension between the Id, Ego and Superego Signals if something is wrong
47
Defence Mechanisms
Unconscious strategies ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety Ex. Denial, displacement, projection, rationale, repression, etc.
48
Development (according to freud)
Learning to channel libido into appropriate forms of self expression -infancy and childhood guided by id -ego and superego develop as child becomes socialized -fixation: preoccupation with pleasure associated with particular stage of development (result of inadequate regulation, ability to satisfy needs in particular stage)
49
Humanistic Perspectives
Reaction to 'pessimism' and 'disempowerment' in Freudian approaches Emphasizes individual's free will to make choices, grow and develop Person-centered perspective: People are basically good, and given right environment, will develop fully and normally Goal is to achieve 'self actualization':full potential >leads to self awareness and good natured personality

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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