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psy100 > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

broca’s area

A

more forward

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2
Q

wernicke’s area

A

more backward

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3
Q

non fluent (broca) aphasia

A

People with conduction aphasiahave a hard time repeating words or sentences that have been spoken to them. They might not have severe problems with fluency or comprehension, depending on the size of the damage.

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4
Q

fluent (wernicke) aphasia

A

type of receptive aphasia that affects the understanding of spoken and written language, while preserving the ability to produce speech.

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5
Q

bilingualism/multilingualism

A

Proficient in two languages.
Proficient in more than two languages.

  • back then bilinguilism was viewed as impairing intelligence
  • now has advantages in executive control and cognitive reserve
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6
Q

linguistic determinism

A

strong form

concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception.

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7
Q

linguistic relativism

A

idea that the structure of the language natively spoken by people defines the way they view the world and interact with it

weak form

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8
Q

cognition

A

Internal mental processes including information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

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9
Q

analogical representation

A

A representation that maintains some of the characteristics of the real object (e.g., maps).

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10
Q

symbolic representation

A

A representation that bears no resemblance to the actual object (e.g., language).

do not correspond to the physical characteristics of actual objects

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11
Q

concept

A

An organizing principle derived from experience.

a mental representation that groups object, events or relations around common themes

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12
Q

defining attributes (classic categorization) models

A

objects are categorized according to a certain set of rules of specific set of features

  • some attributes are more important than others

-some concepts appear better than others

  • membership within a category determined on an all or none basis
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13
Q

prototype model

A

A representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category.

  • objects categorized according to how closely they resemble the prototype of the category
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14
Q

exemplar model

A

A specific member of a category used to represent the category.

  • instead of single prototype, all members of the category that we have encountered for the concept; choose a specific example
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15
Q

taxonomic categorization strategies

A

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom

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16
Q

analytic thinking style

A

focus on individual objects, assigning them to categories based on their attributes.

rule based

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17
Q

thematic categorization strategies

A

familiarize, generate codes, search themes, review themes, define and name themes, produce report

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18
Q

holistic thinking style

A

Holistic thinkers consider the context as a whole, focusing on the relationships between objects

family resemblance

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19
Q

reasoning

A

Using information to determine if a conclusion is
valid or reasonable

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20
Q

deductive reasoning

A

you make an inference, or come to a conclusion, by applying different premises.

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21
Q

inductive reasoning

A

method where specific observations or experiences are used to reach a broader, general

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22
Q

decision making

A

Attempting to select the best alternative
among several options

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23
Q

satisficers

A

satisficers are individuals who are pleased to settle for a good enough option, not necessarily the very best outcome in all respects

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24
Q

maximizers

A

Maximizers are people who strive to get the very best out of every decision.

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25
Q

algorithm

A

A precise, step-by-step set of rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem.

26
Q

heuristics

A

A shortcut to problem solving; also known as a rule of thumb.

reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make a decision

  • decide quickly
    lead to errors
27
Q

availability heuristic

A

A rule of thumb in which the frequency of an event’s occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind.

Estimating the
frequency of an event based on how easily
examples of it come to mind

28
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

A rule of thumb in which stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar to a prototype.

Making judgments of likelihood
based on how similar the person
or object is to our prototype for
that category

29
Q

recognition heuristic

A

A rule of thumb in which a higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative.

30
Q

affect heuristic

A

A rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or “gut” reactions to stimuli.

31
Q

framing effects

A

refer to changes in the
way information is perceived as a result
of the way in which the information was
presented

32
Q

problem

A

A situation in which a current state is separated from an ideal state by obstacles.

33
Q

problem solving

A

The use of information to meet a specific goal.

Finding a way around an obstacle to reach
a goal

34
Q

mental set

A

A framework for thinking about a problem.

35
Q

functional fixedness

A

A possible barrier to successful problem solving in which an object is considered only in terms of its most typical use.

example of a mental set, getting ‘stuck’ or ‘fixed’ in a particular approach to solving a
problem or completing a task

36
Q

intelligence

A

The ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, engage in reasoning, and overcome obstacles.

37
Q

eugenics

A

The belief that selective human breeding can improve the genetic makeup of the human species, eradicating genetic defects and other undesirable characteristics.

38
Q

psychometrics

A

A branch of psychology concerned with the objective measurement of mental abilities and other attributes.

39
Q

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

A measure of individual intelligence relative to a statistically normal curve.
A score on a normed test of intelligence (i.e., how your score
compares to other people who
have taken the test before you

40
Q

flynn effect

A

the finding that the average human IQ has increased over time, first discovered by researcher James Flynn in 1984

41
Q

general intelligence (g)

A

A measure of an individual’s overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities.
The idea that one
general factor underlies all mental abilities

42
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge.

Knowledge acquired through
experience, and the ability to use this knowledge to solve
problems

43
Q

fluid intelligence

A

The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge.

Information processing in novel or complex
circumstances; thinking logically without the need to use
learned knowledge

44
Q

factor analysis

A

statistical method that looks at how lots of different observations correlate and determines how many theoretical constructs could most simply explain what you see.

45
Q

dysrationalia

A

The
inability to think and behave
rationally despite having
adequate intelligence

46
Q

growth (incremental) mindset

A

belief that one has the capacity to grow

47
Q

fixed (entity) mindset

A
48
Q

gardner theory of multiple intelligence

A

promoted the idea that people can show different skills in a
variety of different domains

49
Q

emotional intelligence

A

social intelligence that
emphasizes the ability to manage one’s emotions, recognize emotions in others,
understand emotional
language, and use emotions
to guide thoughts and actions

50
Q

sternberg theories on intelligence

A

three forms of intelligence

51
Q

analytical

A

intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.

52
Q

practical

A

ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.

53
Q

creative

A

ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation, and problem-solving.

54
Q

nature vs nurture

A

chomsky: language is innate
skinner: language is learned

55
Q

emergentist view of language

A

language as an emergent behaviour: a complex phenomena that arises from the interactions of underlying processes but cannot be deduced or explained from the nature and logic of these properties.

56
Q

representation

A

anything that stands in for or corresponds to something else

57
Q

mental representation

A

hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality

58
Q

mental images

A
  • answer questions about objects that are not in out presence
  • solve problems
  • manipulate mental images
59
Q

categorization

A

process of grouping things based on shared information

60
Q

direction

A

ability to know what to do and how to do it

61
Q

adaptation

A

ability to create strategies for implementing this knowledge and monitoring its progress

62
Q

criticism

A

ability to step back and find error in one thinking

psy100 (11 decks)

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