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psy100 > chapter 14 > Flashcards

chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

psychological disorders

A

syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

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2
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

social conditions: environments, cultural influence, family relations, social support

biological characteristics: genetic predisposition, exposure to germ, brain and nervous system development

psychological factors: thoughts/action, lifestyle, stress, health

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3
Q

evidence based practice

A
  • began in medicine and spread to psychotherapy and other helping professions
  • combined personal experience of the clinician, the best scientific evidence and a consideration of patient values and expectations to tailor scientifically valid treatments to the individual
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4
Q

comorbidity

A

Two or more disorders in the same individual.

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5
Q

abnormal behaviour

A

behaviour must interfere with at least one important aspect of the persons life

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6
Q

diathesis stress model

A

combination of both genetics, childhood, family, and stress that determines how likely someone is to develop a mental disorder

  • A model that suggests that the experience of stress interacts with an individual’s pre-existing vulnerability to produce a psychological disorder.
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7
Q

psychoanalytic therapy

A
  • bringing unconscious struggles into consciousness (free association, dream analysis)
  • increase understanding of their own psychological processes
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8
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A
  • in-depth form of talk therapy based on the theories and principles of psychoanalysis

-But psychodynamic therapy is less focused on the patient-therapist relationship

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9
Q

person/client centered therapy

A
  • encourage personal growth through self understanding - congruence
  • safe and comfortable setting, empathy, reflective listening
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10
Q

cognitive behavioural therapy

A
  • modify maladaptive thought patterns
  • challenge or dispute thoughts
  • recognizing automatic thoughts
  • identify cognitive distortions
  • replace with healthy more functional thoughts
  • correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviours

anxiety and mood disorders treated well

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11
Q

psychotropic medication

A

drugs that affect mental processes

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12
Q

pharmacotherapy

A

medical treatment by means of drugs.

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13
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A

affect the development of the nervous system leading to abnormal brain function which may affect emotion, learning, self control and memory

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14
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behaviour.

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15
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A disorder characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both.

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16
Q

schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

A
  • alterations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts or consciousness
  • paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual type
  • A disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality.
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17
Q

positive symptoms

A
  • excesses in behaviour
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18
Q

negative symptoms

A

deficits in functioning:
- isolation, withdrawal, apathy, blunted emotion, slowed and monotonous speech

  • more difficult to treat
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19
Q

mood disorders

A

affect emotionally

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20
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  • 7% of the adult population yearly
  • more common in young adults and women
  • diagnosis requires presence of depressed mood and/or anhedonia along with other physical or cognitive symptoms (appetite, sleep disturbance, loss of energy, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness, death thoughts)
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21
Q

depressive attributional style

A

attribute failures to internal, global, stable causes

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22
Q

cognitive triad

A

-negative views about the world

-negative views about the future

-negative views about oneself

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23
Q

bipolar disorder

A

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.

24
Q

mania/manic episode

A

elevated mood, increases activity, diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts, extreme distractibility

  • A period of unrealistically elevated mood.
25
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental health conditions.

26
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

implanting electrodes in the brain and delivering a mild electrical current to a specific part of your brain.

27
Q

anxiety disorder

A

excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger

  • autonomic system arousal
  • worry/anxiety/tenseness
  • restlessness
  • excessive startle response
  • A disorder featuring anxiety that is not proportional to a person’s circumstances.
28
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • hypervigilance: fatigue, irritability, headaches
  • A disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that is not correlated with particular objects or situations.
29
Q

specific phobia

A

Fears of objects other than those associated with agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder.

30
Q

panic disorder

A

A disorder characterized by repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks.

31
Q

agoraphobia

A

Unrealistic fear of open spaces, being outside the home alone, or being in a crowd.

32
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

A disorder characterized by an unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others.

33
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

involves frequent intrusive thoughts and or compulsive actions : anticipate catastrophe and loss of control

34
Q

obsessions

A

recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts or ideas or mental images; include fear of contamination, of accidents, or ones aggression

  • An intrusive, distressing thought.
35
Q

compulsions

A

particular acts that one feels driven to perform over and over; cleaning checking and counting

  • Repetitive, ritualistic behaviour associated with high anxiety.
36
Q

stigma

A
  • one big barrier to treatment is the fear of being judged or discriminated against
  • certain mental health issues are more stigmatized than others
37
Q

stereotypes

A
  • incurable
  • violent and dangerous people
  • behave in bizarre ways and are different from normal people
38
Q

biomedical model

A
  • mental disorders are brain diseases and emphasizes pharmacological treatment to target presumed biological abnormalities
  • not the fault of the person
39
Q

assessment

A

involves examining a person mental state in order to diagnose and treat disorders

40
Q

treatment

A

interactions between practitioner and client/patient

  • increased understanding of causes of disorder does not necessarily lead to effective treatment
41
Q

psychotherapy

A

any psychological service provided by a trained
professional that primarily uses forms of
communication and interaction to assess,
diagnose, and treat dysfunctional emotional
reactions, ways of thinking, and behaviour pattern

42
Q

aaron beck

A

father of CBT

43
Q

behaviour therapy

A
  • modify maladaptive behaviour and the environments that trigger them (reconditioning)
  • systematic desensitization (fear hierarchy, relaxation training, exposure therapy)
44
Q

anxiolytics

A

treatment of anxiety - benzodiazepines increases GABA activity

45
Q

antidepressants

A

SSRI increase serotonin levels

46
Q

antipsychotics

A

block dopamine, reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia

47
Q

delusions

A

false personal beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality

48
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences

  • A false perception.
49
Q

disorganized speech

A

loosening of associations; speech pattern in which thoughts are disorganized or meaningless

50
Q

disorganized behaviour

A

disorganizes or abnormal motor behaviour (catatonia)

51
Q

schizophrenia biological and environmental factors

A
  • genetic component
  • structural and functional differences in the brain - frontal lobe dysfunction
  • environmental stress - socioeconomic status, prenatal environment
  • drug use (THC)
52
Q

schizophrenia treatment

A
  • pharmacological are most effective
  • neuroleptics revolutionized schizo treatment
  • significant side effects: tardive dyskinesia
  • atypical (second gen) antipsychotics : clozapine which has lower risk of motor impairment
  • little to no effect on negative symptoms long term
53
Q

causes of depression

A
  • caused by learned helplessness
  • depressive attributional style
  • heritability of depression is around 40% : genes affecting serotonin function or genes affecting circadian rhythm
  • experience severe stress
54
Q

depression treatment

A
  • antidepressants
  • CBT
  • phototherapy
  • aerobic exercise
  • ECT : electroconvulsive therapy
  • deep brain stimulation
55
Q

causes of anxiety

A
  • cognitive factors
  • attention to an perception of threat
  • ambiguous stimuli
  • interpretation of bodily sensations (panic disorder)
  • genetics
  • inhibited temperamental style
  • fear circuitry dysfunction (amygdala, prefrontal cortex)
56
Q

treatment of anxiety

A
  • anxiolytics (xanax - increase gaba)
  • CBT
  • exposure therapy
57
Q

causes of OCD

A
  • strong genetic
  • classical and operant conditioning process - anxiety paired with event (CC), behaviour linked with relief (OC)

psy100 (11 decks)

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