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psy100 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

twin studies and adoption studies

A

-study impact of genetic versus environmental influence
-monozygotic vs dizygotic twins
-monozygotic twins raised together versus apart

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2
Q

jim twins

A

-identical twins raised apart
-both suffer tension headaches
-nail biting
-smoke same cigs
-same car

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3
Q

genes x environment

A

-nature and nurture are inextricably intertwined
-impossible to separate generic from environment influence
-work together to make human behaviour

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4
Q

epigenetics

A

changes in gene expression due to non genetic (outer) infleunce

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5
Q

gene x environment case

A

low MAO-A gene +maltreatment = increased probability of crime

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6
Q

heredity

A

genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

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7
Q

heritability

A

estimate of genetic proportion of the variation in some specific trait (within population)

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8
Q

estimate of heritability

A

% of variation explained by genetic difference (social = 30%)

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9
Q

nervous system

A

body electrochemical communication circuitry

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10
Q

neuron

A
  • cell of nervous system that is specialized to send and receive neural messages
  • basic unit of nervous system
  • operate though electrical impulse
  • communicate with neurons through chemical signals
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11
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory = afferent
motor = efferent
interneurons

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12
Q

action potential

A
  • electrical signal arising in a neuron axon
  • neural impulse passes along the axon and causes release of chemicals from the terminal buttons
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13
Q

resting potential

A

-measure of electrical charge across a neural membrane when the neuron is not processing info
-polarized state (negative inside cell)
- -70mV

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14
Q

excitatory signal

A

-increase the likelihood that the neuron will firein

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15
Q

inhibitory signal

A

decrease likelihood that the neuron will fire

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16
Q

when do neurons generate action potential

A

-excitatory input (depolarization) reaches a threshold
- -55mV

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17
Q

all or none principle

A

-neuron fire with same magnitude each time (fires or does not fire)
-how frequently the neuron fires can vary

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18
Q

axon

A

branch of a neuron that is usually responsible for transmitting information to other neurons

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19
Q

dendrite

A

branch from the neural cell body that receives input from other neurons

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20
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating material covering some axons

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21
Q

cell body

A

large central mass of a neuron contraining the nucleus

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22
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

uninsulated and highly enriched ion channels allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate action potential

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23
Q

resting state

A

-neurons are polarized at rest
-inside of cell more negative than outside
-more sodium (Na+) outside and K+ potassium inside

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24
Q

depolarization

A

-neuron reaches excitatory threshold, fully depolarized
-Na+ channels open and the charge across the membrane reverses
-more positive inside the cell due to influx Na+

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25
Q

peak action potential and hyperpolarization

A

-Na+ channels will close ahnd K+ channels open allowing K+ to leave
-outflowing of K+ leads to hyperpolarization whihc the cell cannot fire (refractory period)
-K+ channels close and cell returns to polarized restng state

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26
Q

neurotransmitters

A

-chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse
-carry signal from one neuron to another
-stored in vesicles in terminal buttons

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27
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

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28
Q

glutamate

A

primary excitatory neurotransmitter

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29
Q

serotonin

A

mood, impulsiveness, hunger, sleep

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30
Q

dopamine

A

reward, motivation, voluntary movement

31
Q

acetylcholine

A

movement, memory, cognition, sleep

32
Q

noepinephrine/epinephrine

A

stress response, fight vs flight

33
Q

receptor

A

special channel in the membrane of a neuron that interacts with neurotransmitters released by other neurons

34
Q

glia

A

nervous system cells that perform a variety of support functions including formation of blood brain barrier and myelin

35
Q

synapse

A

point of communication between two neurons

36
Q

reuptake

A

process in which molecules of neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap are returned to the axon terminal a from which they are released

37
Q

reticular formation

A

collection of structures located along the midline of the brainstem that participate in mood arousal and sleep

38
Q

brainstem

A

-part of the brain containing the midbrain, pons and medulla
-controls life sustaining functions of the autonomic nervous system
-breathing, digestion, heartbeat

39
Q

cerebellum

A

structure attached to brainstem that participates in skilled mkovement and in humans, complex cognitive processing. cooridinated movement, balance

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

-subcortical structure that participates in regulation of thirst, temperature, hunger, sexual behaviour, agression
-brain master regulatory structure -connect nervous system to endocrine system
-feeding, fighting, dlighting, functioning

41
Q

thalamus

A

subcortical structure involved with processing of sensory information, states of arousal and learning/memory
-relay station
-all incoming info besides smell

42
Q

tatiana and krista

A

craniopagus twins with brains connected by thalamic bridge

43
Q

basal ganglia

A

collection of subcortical structures that participate in the control of movement

44
Q

hippocampus

A

subcortical structure that participates in memory
-formation and storage of long term memory

45
Q

amygdala

A

-role in processing fear
-associate things with emotional response

46
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin layer of neurons covering the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres

47
Q

corpus callosum

A

wide band of nerve fibres connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres
-bridge of axons
-allows info to flow between

48
Q

frontal lobe

A

most forward
- location of primary motor cortex and areas responsible for some of the most complex cognitive processes
-planning, movement, motor cortex, prefrontal cortex

49
Q

temporal lobe

A

lobe that curves around the side of each hemisphere
-primary auditory cortex
-hearing

50
Q

parietal lobe

A

lies at the top of the brain
-somatosensory cortex
-sensory cortex
-touch

51
Q

occipital lobe

A

back of the brain
-primary visual cortex
-vision

52
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves exiting CNS that carry sensory and motor information to and from the rest of the body
-somatic NS
-autonomic NS
-transmits info to CNS, responds to messages from CNS
- perform behaviours
-make body adjust

53
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

coordinates arousal
fight or flight
prepare body for action

54
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest, repair and energy storage
- returns body to normal state/rest/ digest
-chronic activation leads to health issues

55
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

56
Q

endocrine system

A

-responsible for release of hormones into the bloodstream
-works with nervous sytem to regulate psychological activity
-nervous system uses electrochemical signals
-endocrine uses hormones

57
Q

hormones

A

chemical substance released into blood stream by endocrine glands to tissues
-slow communication
-widespread and long lasting effects

58
Q

cingulate cortex

A

forward part participates in decision making and emotion
-rear works on memory and visual processing
- subcortical structure above corpus callosum

59
Q

executive function

A

basic and higher level cognitive processes that enable self-regulationand cgntivie control of behaviour (planning, decision making and goal pursuit)

60
Q

neurogenesis

A

generation of new neruons

61
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

reward and addiction subcortical structure

62
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

right behind the eyes that participates in impulse control

63
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

most forward part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

64
Q

coordinated systems

A

neural activation means hypothalamus secrete releasing factor
-releasing factor causes pituitary gland to release hormone specific to factor
-hormone travels through blood to target sites through body

65
Q

HPA axis

A

-release cortisol into blood by adrenal glands
-slow developing effects
-effects of chronic stress
-suppression of immune system

66
Q

diencephalon

A

-interbrain
(epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus)

67
Q

phineas gage

A

-rod through skull
-injury to frontal lobes
-modern image allowed scientists to recreate path of gag tamping iron through brain
-friends described as a changed man
-angry outbursts and unreliability

68
Q

patient george

A

-stroke in left thalamus
-mingling of sense
-synethesia
-sensory emotional experience hearing james bond
-emotional arousal intense
-sensory and motor areas support extracorpeal experience

69
Q

patient HM

A

-anterograde and retrograde amneisa
-remove hippocampus and anygdala to control seizures
-seizures decrease
-no longer form new memories
-recall childhood but not recent
-cant remember facts or faces

70
Q

agonist

A

-enhance the action of neurotransmitter
-bind to receptors and produce a response mimics effects
endogenous neurotransmitters
–increase release or block reuptake

70
Q

antagonist

A

-drugs that inhibit the actions of neurotransmitters
-block release
-destroy in synapse
-mimicking and biding

71
Q

neuroplasticity

A

-ability of neurons to change in structure and function throughout the life span

72
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-efferent and afferent paths between CNS and smooth muscles/glands
-divison of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of glands organs and smooth msucles
-internal environment
-autonomic response involves involuntary body functions

73
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-part of perpheral nervous system that brings sensory infomation tot eh CNS and transmits commands to the nucleus
- external environement
-motor neurons responsbile for sending signals from CNS to skeletal muscles
-voluntary motor control
->efferent path
-conscious perception –> afferent path

psy100 (11 decks)

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