chapter 9 Flashcards
encoding phase
The transformation of information from one form to another.
information is acquired and processed into a neural code that the brain can use.
storage
The retention of encoded information (from a moment or even lifetime).
retrieval
The recovery or recall of stored information when we need it.
multi-store model of memory
They proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
sensory memory
The first stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time.
- memory for sensory information that only lasts for an extremely brief time.
-not consciously aware of it
iconic memory
Sensory memory for visual information.
echoic memory
Sensory memory for auditory information.
short term memory
The second stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin model that holds a small amount of information for a limited time.
- immediate memory
- memory will remain for only seconds, unless you actively think about it
- limited capacity
- individual differences
chunking
The process of grouping or organizing similar or meaningful information together to make it easier to remember.
working memory
An extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously.
- refers to the structures and processes used to temporarily store and manipulate information in short term memory
central executive
control centre, directs attention to relevant information
visuospatial sketchpad
visual information
phonological loop
auditory and verbal information
episodic buffer
integrates information, links to long term memory
maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information over and over again in order to keep it in working memory. Also known as rote rehearsal.
elaborative rehearsal
Making connections between new information that you are trying to remember and already existing information.
levels of processing theory
The depth (shallow to deep) of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval.
long term memory (LTM)
The final stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories.
basic distinction we can make is between explicit and implicit memories
declarative (explicit) memory
A consciously retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize, including semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information; also known as explicit memory.
-process involved when people remember specific information
-information we are consciously aware of
nondeclarative (implicit) memory
An unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is difficult to verbalize, such as a memory for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; also known as implicit memory.
-system of underlying unconscious memories
- memories we acquire and use without awareness or intention
