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chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

idiographic approaches

A

A qualitative approach to studying personality that emphasizes the uniqueness of each individual.

person centred, focus on individual lives

  • narrative approach, humanistic perspective
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2
Q

nomothetic approaches

A

A quantitative approach to studying personality that focuses on common traits or dimensions that apply to all people.

common traits, unique combinations

  • projective measures
    -objective measures
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3
Q

projective measures

A

A test of personality based on Freudian theory that provides an ambiguous stimulus onto which test takers “project” their personality.

  • TAT - thematic apperception test (need for achievement, power, affiliation)
  • rorschach inkblot
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4
Q

objective measures

A
  • self reports
  • informant ratings
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5
Q

psychodynamic theory

A
  • reality principle (ego)
  • moral principle (superego)
  • pleasure principle ( id)
  • defence mechanisms
  • conscious mind: present awareness
  • preconscious mind: outside awareness but accessible
  • unconscious mind: not accessible
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6
Q

ego

A

The component of Sigmund Freud’s personality theory that is the self that others see.

executive mediator

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7
Q

id

A

The component of Sigmund Freud’s personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth.

unconscious psychic energy

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8
Q

superego

A

The component of Sigmund Freud’s personality theory that internalizes society’s rules for right and wrong, or the conscience.

internalized ideals

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9
Q

defence mechanisms

A

In Sigmund Freud’s personality theory, a protective behaviour that reduces anxiety.

unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself

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10
Q

humanistic approaches

A

emphasize personal experience and belief systems; propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential

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11
Q

self actualization

A
  • Abraham Maslow
  • the realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potentialities, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone.
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12
Q

person centered

A
  • Carl Rogers
  • phenomenology: subjective human experience
  • non-directive approach that empowers clients to take the lead in their therapy sessions, promoting self-discovery and self-actualization.
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13
Q

unconditional positive regard

A
  • accepting and supporting a person without judging or criticizing them.
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14
Q

self concept

A

People’s description of their own characteristics.

  • organized consistent self of perceptions and beliefs about oneself
  • incongruent: self discrepancies
  • congruent: self actualization
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15
Q

self esteem

A

A judgment of the value of the self.

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16
Q

interdependent self construal

A

-non western cultures

  • view of the self that emphasizes one embeddedness in a network of social relationships and downplays one separateness and unique traits or accomplishments
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17
Q

independent self construal

A
  • western cultures
  • emphasis on internal and distinctive personal characteristics, is thus one in which the self is seen as a unique individual, fundamentally separate from others
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18
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

A social–cognitive learning theory of personality that features the mutual influence of the person and that of the situation on each other.

19
Q

self efficacy

A
  • performance experience (past experience)
  • vicarious experience (observed experience or modelling by others)
  • social persuasion ( coaching and feedback)
  • imaginal experience (visualizations of future success)
  • physical and emotional states (experience of physical and emotional sensations)
20
Q

self handicapping

A

behaviour that creates obstacles to prevent taking personal responsibility for failure or embarassment - protect self image and esteem

21
Q

self regulation

A

process by which people alter or change their behaviour to attain personal goals

22
Q

self control

A

process of self regulation in contexts involving a clear trade off between long term goals and short term temptations

23
Q

locus of control

A

A cognitive expectancy featured in social–cognitive learning theories of personality about the source of individual outcomes; an external locus of control sees outcomes as resulting from luck or chance, while an internal locus of control sees outcomes as the result of individual effort.

24
Q

delay of gratification

A
  • delay of gratification (marshmallow)
  • turning hot cognitions into cold cognitions (reframing); ignoring; distraction
25
Q

personality trait

A

a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances

26
Q

personality type

A

classification based on particular configurations of personality traits or other characteristics

27
Q

big five theory

A
  • openness to experience (fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values)
  • conscientiousness (competence, order, self-discipline, deliberation, achievement striving)
  • extraversion (warmth, assertiveness, activity, positive emotion, excitement seeking)
  • agreeableness (trust, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender mindedness)
  • neuroticism (anxiety, anger, depression, impulsiveness, vulnerability)
28
Q

personality

A

characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviours that are stable in an individual over time and across circumstances

29
Q

repression

A

forcing distressing or unacceptable memories, thoughts and feelings into the unconscious

30
Q

reaction formation

A

unacceptable thoughts and desires in the unconscious are expressed as their opposite in consciousness

31
Q

projection

A

attributing ones own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, impulses and motives to others

32
Q

regression

A

reacting to a threatening situation with a response characteristic of an earlier stage of development

33
Q

sublimation

A

transforming inappropriate impulses and motives into socially acceptable and valuable expressions

34
Q

denial

A

conscious refusal to perceive and believe painful facts or situations exist

35
Q

rationalization

A

creating an acceptable and local explanation to replace a true but threatening cause of behaviour

36
Q

displacement

A

shifting the expression of an unwanted impulse from a threatening person to a less threatening one

37
Q

neo-freud: carl jung (analytical psychology)

A
  • personal vs collective unconscious
  • personality types reflecting opposing ways we can orient ourselves to the external environment
38
Q

neo-freud: karen horney (feminist psychology)

A
  • emphasis on cultural and social conditions as a determinant of personality (rather than instinctual or biological drives)
39
Q

self

A

the totality of the individual, consisting of
all characteristic attributes, conscious and unconscious, mental and physical

40
Q

self construal

A

the extent to which the self is defined independently of others or interdependently with others

41
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

theory of human behaviour that states that a person behaviour both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

42
Q

if-then

A
  • interaction between situation and individual
  • if A, then she X, but if B then she Y
43
Q

continuum

A

tend to focus on extremes, each trait exists along continuum

  • fact that most people do not fall into extremes is one of major problems with MBTI

psy100 (11 decks)

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