Chapter 10

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

The capacity to store and retrieve information

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

Mental representation in memory based on information processing

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

Retention of encoded information over time

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

Recovery of the stored information at a later time

Question 5

Major structures in the brain involved with memory are….

Answer 5

cerebellum, striatum, cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus

Question 6

Changes in the Brains of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 6

• enlargement of ventricles

- severe loss of the cortex in areas involved in language and memory

Question 7

amnesia

Answer 7

a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma

Question 8

retrogade

Answer 8

backwards

Question 9

anterograde

Answer 9

forwards

Question 10

implicit memory

Answer 10

Availability of information through memory without conscious effort

Question 11

explicit memory

Answer 11

• Conscious effort to recover information

- Include recall and recognition

Question 12

procedural memory

Answer 12

Memories for performance of actions or skills.

-knowing how

Question 13

declarative memory

Answer 13

Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events; includes semantic and episodic memory.
-knowing that

Question 14

parallel distributed processing model

Answer 14

a model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units

Question 15

sensory register

Answer 15

A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information

Question 16

short term memory

Answer 16

limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of info for brief periods

Question 17

rehearsal (STM strategy)

Answer 17

repeating information repetitively

Question 18

chunking (STM strategy)

Answer 18

The process of reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of some other organizing principle

Question 19

working memory

Answer 19

part of the brain that allows us to make sense of what’s happening right now.

Question 20

What are the strategies for working memory?

Answer 20

• process what’s going on when it happens
• repeat it, practice it
• think elaboratively and illustratively (make connections/imagery)
• organize and support (make meaning, ask questions)

Question 21

working memory components

Answer 21

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

Question 22

phonological loop

Answer 22

Encodes, rehearses, and holds auditory information such as a person’s phone number

Question 23

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 23

Stores visual and spatial information such as the appearance and location of objects

Question 24

central executive

Answer 24

Controls the other three components by balancing the information flow and controlling attentional processes

Question 25

long term memory

Answer 25

torehouse of all experiences, events, information, emotions, skills, words, categories, rules, and judgments that have been acquired from sensory and short-term memories

Question 26

schema

Answer 26

Conceptual frameworks, or clusters of knowledge, regarding objects, people, and situations

Question 27

prototypes

Answer 27

Representation of average member of category

Question 28

exemplars

Answer 28

Categorization based on comparison to examples in memory

Question 29

episodic memories

Answer 29

Memory for things you have personally experienced

Question 30

semantic memories

Answer 30

memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts and propositions

Question 31

procedural memories

Answer 31

knowing how

Question 32

declarative memories

Answer 32

knowing that (includes episodic and semantic)

Question 33

retrieval cues

Answer 33

the stimuli available as you search for a particular memory

Question 34

recall

Answer 34

Reproduction of information to which you were previously exposed

Question 35

recognition

Answer 35

realization that a certain stimulus is one you have seen or heard before

Question 36

encoding specificity

Answer 36

Memories emerge most efficiently when the context of retrieval matches the context of encoding

Question 37

serial position effects

Answer 37

primacy, recency, contextual distinctiveness

Question 38

primacy effect

Answer 38

Improved memory for items at start of list

Question 39

recency effect

Answer 39

Improved memory for items at end of list

Question 40

structural encoding

Answer 40

Paying attention to the structural properties of words and how it looks (worst recall)

Question 41

phonological (phonemic) encoding

Answer 41

Paying attention to the sound qualities of words (better recall)

Question 42

semantic encoding

Answer 42

Paying attention to the meaning of the words (best recall)

Question 43

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 43

Memory is best when the type of processing carried out at encoding transfers to processes at retrieval

Question 44

priming

Answer 44

First experience of an item primes memory for later experiences (makes it more likely to be recalled)

Question 45

forgetting

Answer 45

A failure of Encoding, Storage, or Retrieval

Question 46

proactive interference

Answer 46

Information you have acquired in the past makes it more difficult to acquire new information

Question 47

retroactive interference

Answer 47

acquisition of new information makes it difficult to remember old information

Question 48

leveling

Answer 48

Simplifying the story

Question 49

sharpening

Answer 49

Highlighting and overemphasizing certain details

Question 50

assimilating

Answer 50

Changing details to better fit the participant’s own background or knowledge

Question 51

flashbulb memories

Answer 51

characterized by surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail -events seem frozen in time and detail

Question 52

confabulation

Answer 52

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you -you think u remember, but it never happened