Chapter 1

Question 1

Define psychobabble

Answer 1

confirms unsupported popular opinion

Question 2

Define empirical psych

Answer 2

makes use of research evidence and challenges opinion

Question 3

Why does psychobabble persist?

Answer 3

• gives people a sense of control and predictability

- confirms rather than challenge existing beliefs

Question 4

What are the 8 critical thinking guidelines?

Answer 4

• ask questions
• define your terms
• examine the evidence
• analyze assumptions and biases
• avoid emotional reasoning
• don’t oversimplify
• consider other interpretations
• tolerate uncertainty

Question 5

What are the four humors?

Answer 5

blood (sanguine), yellow bile (choleric), black bile (melancholic), and phlegm (phlegmatic)

Question 6

Define phrenology

Answer 6

the discredited theory that different brain areas account for character and personality traits, which can be “read” from bumps on the skull

Question 7

What is structuralism?

Answer 7

Emphasizes the “what” of mental behaviour; Basic elements of sensation reveal the underlying structure of the mind

Question 8

Wilhelm Wundt: established first psychological experimental lab in Germany in what year?

Answer 8

1879

Question 9

Edward Tichener

Answer 9

brought structuralism to North America

Question 10

James Mark Baldwin

Answer 10

first Canadian psych lab, U of T

Question 11

Define introspection

Answer 11

Systematic examination of individual reports on their own thoughts and feelings about sensory experiences

Question 12

Max Wertheimer

Answer 12

• How elements of experience become what we understand as the whole experience;
• The whole is greater than, and different from, the sum of its parts

Question 13

Define functionalism

Answer 13

Emphasizes the “why” of mental behaviour

Question 14

John Dewey

Answer 14

• Brought functionalism to forefront in North America

- Application of functionalism to “progressive education”

Question 15

In modern psychology, psychologists examine both the ________ and the __________ of behaviour

Answer 15

structure, function

Question 16

What are the seven perspectives?

Answer 16

psychodynamic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, biological, evolutionary, sociocultural

Question 17

Define psychodynamic

Answer 17

• Behaviour explained by inherited instincts, biological drives and attempts to resolve conflicts
• Emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts

-unconscious drives and conflicts

Question 18

Define behaviourist

Answer 18

Behaviour explained by antecedent conditions, behavioural responses, and consequences; observable behaviour

-specific overt responses

Question 19

Define humanistic

Answer 19

Emphasizes individual’s inherent capacity for making rational choices and developing to their full potential strive to better ourselves

-human experience and potential

Question 20

Define cognitive

Answer 20

Human thought and knowledge in attending, thinking, remembering, and understanding is important; subjective reality

-mental processes

Question 21

Define biological

Answer 21

Behaviour explained in terms of underlying physical structures and biochemical processes

-brain and nervous system processes

Question 22

Define evolutionary

Answer 22

Emphasizes both behavioural and mental adaptiveness; natural selection;

-evolved psychological adaptations

Question 23

Define sociocultural

Answer 23

Cross-cultural differences in causes/consequences of behaviour

Question 24

What are the 2 broad areas of research

Answer 24

basic and applied psychology

Question 25

What is basic psychology?

Answer 25

“pure” research conducted to seek knowledge for its own sake

Question 26

What is applied psych?

Answer 26

finds practical uses for the knowledge gained from research

Question 27

What are the 5 major nonclinical specialties in psych?

Answer 27

experimental, educational, developmental, industrial/organizational, psychometric

Question 28

Define experimental psych

Answer 28

research learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology and cognition

Question 29

Define educational psych

Answer 29

search for ways to improve educational systems

Question 30

Define developmental psych

Answer 30

study how people grow and change over time

Question 31

Define industrial/organizational psych

Answer 31

study behaviour in the workplace (decision-making, employee morale, work motivation, etc.)

Question 32

Define industrial/organizational psych

Answer 32

study behaviour in the workplace (decision-making, employee morale, work motivation, etc.)

Question 33

Define psychometric psych

Answer 33

design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality

Question 34

Define counselling

Answer 34

help with everyday problems

Question 35

Define school psych practice

Answer 35

work with parents and teachers to enhance performance

Question 36

Define clinical psych practice

Answer 36

diagnose, treat, and study mental and emotional problems

Question 37

Define psychotherapists

Answer 37

anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy

Question 38

Define psychoanalysts

Answer 38

individuals who have trained in and practice psychoanalysis

Question 39

Define psychiatrists

Answer 39

medical doctors who diagnose and treat mental disorders

Question 40

All areas of psychology share common interest in understanding ____________________ and the _______________.

Answer 40

human behaviour, human mind