Chapter 7 Flashcards

(57 cards)

1
Q

learning-performance distinction

A

The difference between what has been learned and what is expressed in overt behaviour

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2
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in a behavioural response when a stimulus is presented repeatedly.

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3
Q

sensitization

A

The behavioural response to stimuli opposite to that seen with habitutation

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4
Q

introspection

A

People’s verbal reports of their own sensations, images, and feelings

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5
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

classical conditioning model

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6
Q

John Watson

A

Behaviourism

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7
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning model

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

A basic form of learning in which one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another

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9
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

any stimulus that naturally elicits a behaviour

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10
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

the behaviour elicited by the US

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11
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A neutral stimulus that is able to elicit behaviour only after association with the US

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12
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the behaviour elicited to the CS (usually similar or related to original, unlearned one)

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13
Q

acquisition

A

The process by which the CR is first elicited and gradually increases in frequency over repeated trials

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14
Q

delay

A

CS is turned on prior to and stays on until the US presented

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15
Q

trace

A

CS is turned off before US presented

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16
Q

simultaneous

A

CS and US presented at the same time

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17
Q

backward

A

CS presented after UC

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18
Q

extinction

A

The weakening of a CR if the CS is no longer paired with the US

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19
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

The sudden reappearance of the CR after a rest period without further exposure to the US (extinction)

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20
Q

stimulus generalization

A

Automatic extension of conditioned responses to stimuli that are similar to the CS

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21
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

Learning to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the CS on some dimension

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22
Q

counterconditioning

A

process of pairing a CS with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

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23
Q

systematic desensitization

A

a variation of counterconditioning later developed to treat phobias

24
Q

What plays a central role in the conditioning of fear?

A

the amygdala because it contains glutamate receptors

25
blocking glutamate receptors....
prevents extinction of conditioned fear
26
giving a drug that enhances glutamate receptor activity......
speeds up extinction
27
Placebos and cognitive psychologists
we expect to get better which reduces anxiety, etc
28
placebos and behaviourists
we are conditioned
29
law of effect
A response followed by satisfying consequences becomes more probable than a response followed by dissatisfying consequences
30
operant conditioning
the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences
31
reinforcement contingency
the process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows
32
appetitive reinforcer
characterized by the natural desire to satisfy bodily needs
33
reinforcer
Stimuli that, when connected with a behaviour, increases the probability of that behaviour
34
aversive reinforcer
a strong dislike or disinclination
35
positive reinforcement
adding something desirable to increase a behaviour (chocolate, pat on the back) -followed y the delivery of an appetitive stimulus
36
negative reinforcement
- removal of something undesired to increase a behaviour | - followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
37
escape conditioning
response allows escape from aversive stimulus
38
avoidance conditioning
response allows avoidance of aversive stimulus before it begins
39
punisher
the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows -reduces the probability of a response
40
positive punishment
adding something undesirable to decrease a behaviour | -followed by the delivery of an aversive stimulus
41
negative punishment
removal of something desired to decrease a behaviour | -followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus
42
primary reinforcers
a stimulus that is permanently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need (food)
43
conditioned (secondary) reinforcers
Neutral stimuli become associated with primary reinforcers so they now function as conditioned reinforcers (money, grades, smiles)
44
primary punishers
a stimulus that is inherently punishing (pain, nausea, electric shock)
45
conditioned (secondary) punisher
Absent neutral stimuli become associated with primary punishers (fines)
46
discriminative stimuli
a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence (store hours, traffic lights, doorbells, ring of cell phone)
47
shaping
Reinforcing any responses that successively approximate and ultimately match the desired response
48
succesive approximation
in shaping, behaviours that are ordered in terms o increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response
49
instinctual drift
When learned behaviour drifts back towards specific instincts
50
taste-aversion learning
-single pairing of a CS (novel flavour) with consequences (US of illness)
51
determinist view
Our behaviour is determined by the environment and our heritage
52
extrinsic reinforcers
reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced (money, praise, gold stars)
53
intrinsic reinforcer
reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced (enjoyment, satisfaction of accomplishment)
54
behavioural ABCs
- antecents - behaviour - consequences
55
latent learning
- A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response - Occurs without obvious reinforcement
56
social-cognitive theories
Theories that emphasize how behaviour is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs
57
observational learning
learning by observing behaviour of another rather than direct experience