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PSY 120 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system (CNS)

- peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord; receives, processes, interprets, & stores incoming sensory information; sends out messages to muscles, glands, organs

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

subdivided into two parts (somatic and autonomic), handles input & output from the CNS and carried messages through sensory & motor nerves

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4
Q

somatic nervous system

A

nerves connected to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates functioning of blood vessels, glands, & internal organs (contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)

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6
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares the body to expend energy

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7
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

restores and conserves energy

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8
Q

neurons

A

cells that conduct electrochemical signals; basic unit of the nervous system (sensory, motor, interneuron)

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9
Q

glia

A

cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation & maintenance of neural connections, and modify neural functioning

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10
Q

dendrites

A

○ Branch-like fibres that receive information from other neurons & transmit towards cell body

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11
Q

cell body

A

keeps neuron alive & plays key role in determining whether neuron will “fire”

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12
Q

axon

A

extending fibre that conducts impulse away from cell body and transmits to other cells

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13
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons

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14
Q

myelin sheath

A

layer of fatty material that insulate axons which speed up conduction of neural impulses & prevent interference from neighbouring signals

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15
Q

In the CNS, myelin sheet is made up of….

A

glial cells

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16
Q

nodes

A

divide myelin sheaths into segments

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17
Q

neurogenesis

A

Production of new neurons from immature stem cells

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18
Q

stem cells

A

immature cells that renew themselves & have the potential to develop into mature cells

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19
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

can differentiate into any type of cell

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20
Q

stem-cell research

A

controversial, but is promising in developing treatments for cancer, blood, organ, and brain disorders

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21
Q

How do neutrons communicate?

A
  • no direct contact

- communicate through the synapse through electrical and chemical signals

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22
Q

synapse

A

where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another; includes the axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell

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23
Q

action potential

A

inflow of sodium ions

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24
Q

synaptic vesicles release chemicals called _____________

A

neurotransmitters

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25
Stimulation through electrical and chemical signals causes change in....
charge between inside and outside of cell
26
neurotransmitters
a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neutron at the synapse and bind to receptor sites on receiving neuron and cause changes in the cell membrane
27
excitatory changes
a voltage shift in a positive direction (increases probability of receiving neutron firing)
28
inhibitory changes
a voltage shift in a negative direction (decreases probability of receiving neuron firing)
29
What are some major neurotransmitters?
serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate
30
serotonin
sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, mood
31
GABA
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
32
acetylcholine
muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, and emotion
33
norepinephrine
increased heart rate, slowed intestinal activity during stress, learning, memory, dreaming, waking , emotion
34
dopamine
voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotion, pleasure or reward, response to novelty
35
glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain
36
endorphins
- chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates - involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory
37
hormones
chemical substances, secreted by organs that affect the functioning of other organs; regulate growth, metabolism, sexual development & behaviour, and other functions
38
melatonin
hormone that regulate daily biological rhythms, sleep
39
oxytocin
hormone; childbirth contractions, milk ejection
40
adrenal hormone
emotion, stress, epinephrine
41
sex hormones
androgens and estrogens
42
List ways scientists can study the brain
- patients with brain damage - lesion method - electrical and magnetic detection - brain scans
43
lesion method/lesioning
involves damaging or removing section of the brain in animals and then observing the effects
44
stereotaxic instrument
localization of brain structure using 3-D coordinates
45
lateral hypothalamus
loss of interest in eating and potential starvation
46
ventromedial hypothalamus
eating more frequently and weight gain
47
paraventricular hypothalamus
eating larger portions and weight gain
48
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Records neural activity detected by electrodes
49
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
uses a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed on person’s head to stimulate cells (can cause neutrons to fire and inactivate others)
50
transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS)
can either suppress or stimulate brain activity in a specific area
51
PET scan (positron-emission tomography)
method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, using injections of a glucose-like substance containing a radioactive element
52
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers
53
the brain stem
- medulla - pons - RAS
54
medulla
-responsible for automatic functions such as breathing & heart rate
55
pons
Involved in sleeping, waking, & dreaming
56
reticular activating system (RAS)
extends from brain stem; arouses cortex & screens incoming information
57
the cerebellum
- Regulates movement & balance - skills and reflexes - complex cognitive tasks
58
the thalamus
relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex except those from olfactory bulb (smell)
59
hypothalamus
involved in emotions & drives vital to survival, such as fear, hunger, thirst & reproduction; regulates autonomic nervous system
60
the limbic system
amygdala and hippocampus
61
amygdala
Involved in arousal and regulation of emotion; initial emotional response to sensory information
62
hippocampus
storage of new information in memory
63
The cerebrum
- largest brain structure - divided into two cerebral hemispheres which are specialized for certain tasks (lateralization) - contains cerebral cortex
64
corpus callosum
connects the two cerebral hemispheres
65
cerebral cortex
layers of densely packed cells divided into lobes
66
Lobes of the Cortex
- occipital - parietal - temporal - frontal
67
occipital lobes
includes visual cortex
68
parietal lobes
- somatosensoty cortex (sensations, pressure, pain, touch, temp) - homunculus - attention and mental operations
69
temporal lobes
- auditory cortex and Wernicke's area | - memory, perception, emotion
70
frontal lobes
- motor cortex and Broca's area | - emotion, planning, creative thinking
71
Brain Plasticity
- ability to change and adapt | - brain damage may be lessened by enriching environments people live in
72
Illiterate persons have ________ white matter in parietal cortex
less
73
cerebral lateralization
-representations for senses and motor commands are sent to the opposite hemisphere
74
Smell senses are sent to.....
the same side
75
The two hemispheres of the brain communicate through the .....
corpus callosum
76
split-brain surgery
severe's through the corpus callosum disturbing perception and memory while other processes are intact (epileptics)
77
Many researchers believe in __________ dominance.
left hemisphere

PSY 120 (9 decks)

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