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PSY 120 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of one form of physical energy into another.

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2
Q

pupil

A

The opening in the iris through which light passes

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3
Q

lens

A
  • Makes the pupil dilate or constrict to control amount of light
  • reverses/inverts light patterns as it focuses image on retina
  • ciliary muscles change thickness of lens
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4
Q

retina

A

At the back of the eye and converts light waves into neural signals (transduction)

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5
Q

rods

A

illumination

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6
Q

cones

A

colour

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7
Q

dark adaptation

A

Gradual improvement of eye’s sensitivity after a shift in illumination from light to near darkness (rods become more sensitive)

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8
Q

cone adaptation

A

7-10 mins

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9
Q

rod adaptation

A

10-30 mins

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10
Q

fovea

A

Small region of densely packed cones at the centre of the retina (highest visual acuity)

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11
Q

Neural impulses leave the retina through the _________________________.

A

optic nerve (axons of ganglion cells)

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12
Q

optic disk/blind spot

A

Spot where the optic nerve exits the retina has no receptors

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13
Q

wavelength

A

The physical property that distinguishes types of electromagnetic energy, including light

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14
Q

hue

A

The qualitative experience of the colour of light (corresponds to physical dimension of light’s wavelength)

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15
Q

saturation

A

The psychological dimension that captures the purity and vividness of colour

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16
Q

brightness

A

intensity of light

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17
Q

additive colour mixtures

A

wavelength combinations

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18
Q

complimentary colours

A

Wavelengths that appear directly across from each other on the colour circle

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19
Q

after images

A

Demonstrates the complimentary nature of our colour vision

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20
Q

trichromatic theory

A

Suggests there are three types of colour receptors (red, green, and blue). All other colours are additive or subtractive combinations of the three

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21
Q

opponent process theory

A

Suggests that all colour experiences arise from 3 systems, each of which include 2 opponent elements (red vs green, blue vs yellow, black/no colour vs white/all colours)

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22
Q

colour blindness

A

The partial or total inability to distinguish colours (sex-linked) and can be either dichromat and monochromat

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23
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

“The whole is more than the sum of its parts”

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24
Q

Perceptual Grouping - Figure

A

stands out from the environment

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25
Perceptual Grouping - Ground
background against which figures stand out
26
Law of Closure
We fill in small gaps to experience objects as wholes
27
Law of Common Fate
We group together objects that are moving in the same direction
28
binocular cues
used for objects that are fairly close to us (involve both eyes)
29
monocular cues
used when objects are far away (involve one eye)
30
retinal disparity
- binocular | - Discrepancy between corresponding images in the two retinas
31
convergence
-binocular -Degree to which eyes turn inward to focus on an object
32
relative motion parallax
- binocular | - Relative distance of the object from the viewer determines the amount and direction of motion in the retinal image
33
interposition
- monocular | - When an opaque object blocks out a second object
34
relative size
- monocular | - Objects of the same size at different distances project images of different size on the retina
35
linear perspective
- monocular | - The illusion that parallel lines converge in the distance
36
texture gradients
- monocular | - The density of a texture becomes greater as the surface
37
size constancy
Perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of its retinal images (train tracks)
38
shape constancy
Perceive an object’s shape correctly despite the object slanting away from you changing the retinal image (door opening)
39
lightness constancy
Perceive whiteness, grayness, and blackness as constant across changing levels of illumination
40
bottom-up processes
- Data-driven processing | - concrete to abstract
41
top-down process
the use of context in order to guide perception
42
frequency
The number of cycles the wave completes in a given time (hertz)
43
amplitude
The strength of the sound wave (decibels)
44
Humans hear sound between.....
30-20 000 Hz
45
Pitch
highness or lowness of sound (frequency)
46
loudness
amplitude of the sound wave
47
timbre
complexity of sound waves
48
papillae
Knoblike elevations on the tongue, containing the taste buds
49
taste buds
Nests of taste-receptor cells
50
Different people have different tastes based on:
- genetics - culture - learning - food attractiveness
51
vestibular senses
How one’s body is oriented in the world with respect to gravity
52
kinaesthetic senses
Bodily position and movement of the body parts relative to each other
53
gate-control theory of pain
Experience of pain depends (in part) on whether the pain impulse gets past neurological “gate” in the spinal cord and thus reaches the brain.
54
neuromatrix theory of pain
Theory that the matrix of neurons in the brain is capable of generating pain (and other sensations) in the absence of signals from sensory nerves.
55
Perception is influenced by
- needs - beliefs - emotions - expectations
56
subliminal perception
perceiving without awareness
57
priming
Visual stimuli can affect behaviour even when you are unaware that you saw it
58
Extrasensory perception (ESP)
Claims that some can send & receive messages about the world without relying on the usual sensory channels (limited empirical support)
59
parapsychology
Study of purported psychic phenomena such as ESP & mental telepathy
60
Doctrine of Special Nerve Energies
-principle that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain
61
synesthesia
a condition in which stimulation of one sense evokes another
62
psychophysics
concerned with how the physical properties of stimuli are related to our psychological experience of them
63
absolute threshold
the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer (detected 50% of the time)
64
difference threshold
- aka just noticeable difference | - the smallest difference that can be reliable detected when two things are compared
65
signal detection theory
Divides the detection of sensory signals into a sensory process and a decision process
66
hit
stimulus us present and detected
67
miss
stimulus is present but not detected
68
false alarm
stimulus is not present, but identified as being present
69
correct rejection
stimulus is not present and it is identified as being absent
70
sensory adaptation
reduced or lost sensory responsiveness when simulation is unchanging or repetitious
71
sensory deprivation
absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation
72
selective attention
Focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and blocking out the others
73
inattention blindness
Failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because you are not attending to it

PSY 120 (9 decks)

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