Chapter 5

Question 1

biological rhythms

Answer 1

A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system

Question 2

Rhythms can be synchronized with external (________) or internal cues (________)

Answer 2

• entrainment

- endogenous

Question 3

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 3

• occur about every 24 hours

- sleep-wake cycle

Question 4

Infradian Rhythms

Answer 4

• occur less often than once a day

- birds migrating, bears hibernating, menstrual cycle

Question 5

Ultradian Rhythms

Answer 5

• occur more than once a day (about every 90 mins)

- stomach contractions and hormone levels

Question 6

Supraciasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 6

Located in the hypothalamus, responsible for circadian rhythms by regulating melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland.

Question 7

Internal desynchronization

Answer 7

• when biological rhythms are not in phase with one another

- influenced by change in routine (jet lag, illness, stress, drugs)

Question 8

Shift Work

Answer 8

• efficiency drops
• more tired and irritable
• accidents more likely

Question 9

Circadian rhythms differ due to ___________.

Answer 9

genetics

Question 10

chronotype

Answer 10

a person’s natural inclination with regard to the times of day when they prefer to sleep or when they are most alert or energetic (may change with age)

Question 11

lark

Answer 11

early riser, most alert in the morning

Question 12

owl

Answer 12

stay up late, sleep late, do best work at night

Question 13

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Answer 13

A disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring

Question 14

“Premenstrual syndrome” (PMS)

Answer 14

Vague cluster of physical & emotional symptoms associated with the days preceding menstruation

Question 15

The exact function of sleep is uncertain but sleep appears to provide time for:

Answer 15

• waste product elimination from muscles
• repair cells
• strengthen immune system
• recover lost abilities during the day

Question 16

Chronic sleep deprivation

Answer 16

Increases cortisol levels which can impair neurons involved in learning & memory

Question 17

Chronic insomnia

Answer 17

Difficulty falling or staying asleep; about 3.3 million Canadian adults experience this

Question 18

sleep apnea

Answer 18

Disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing person to choke & gasp and momentarily awaken

Question 19

narcolepsy

Answer 19

Disorder involving sudden & unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep

Question 20

REM behaviour disorder

Answer 20

Muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur, and sleeper (mostly males) may “act out” their dreams

Question 21

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

Answer 21

slow-wave sleep

Question 22

enuresis

Answer 22

stage 4 sleep

-bed-wetting

Question 23

night terrors

Answer 23

stage 4

• most common in children
• little evidence of cause

Question 24

memory consolidation

Answer 24

Process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliable (may enhance problem-solving abilities)

Question 25

Stage 1 (Realms of Sleep)

Answer 25

feel self drifting on edge of consciousness

Question 26

Stage 2 (Realms of Sleep)

Answer 26

minor noise won't disturb you

Question 27

Stage 3 (Realms of Sleep)

Answer 27

breathing and pulse have slowed down

Question 28

Stage 4 (Realms of Sleep)

Answer 28

deep sleep

Question 29

REM (Realms of Sleep)

Answer 29

- raid eye movement | - loss of muscle tone and dreaming

Question 30

The amount of REM sleep ___________ considerably over the years, and NREM diminishes less sharply.

Answer 30

-decreases

Question 31

lucid dreams

Answer 31

dream in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming, may be able to exert some control over dream

Question 32

Freud concluded that dreams.....

Answer 32

provide insight into our unconscious

Question 33

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 33

Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain. (brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world shut down)

Question 34

hypnosis

Answer 34

systematic procedure involving deep relaxation which tends to promote a heightened state of suggestibility

Question 35

The hypnotic state is not ______.

Answer 35

sleep

Question 36

Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis (Divided Consciousness)

Answer 36

Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of the rest of the consciousness (responds to suggestions)

Question 37

Sociocognitive Theories of Hypnosis

Answer 37

Effects of hypnosis result from interaction between social influence of the hypnotist (socio) and the abilities, beliefs and expectations of the subject (cognitive) -person conforms to suggestions

Question 38

psychoactive drug

Answer 38

A substance that alters perception, mood, thinking, memory, or behaviour by changing the body’s biochemistry

Question 39

stimulants

Answer 39

speed up activity in the CNS (nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, metamphetamines)

Question 40

depressants

Answer 40

slow activity in the CNS (alcohol, tranquilizers, barbiturates, inhalants)

Question 41

opiates

Answer 41

Drugs, derived from opium poppy, that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria (opium, heroin, morphine, methadone)

Question 42

psychedelic drugs

Answer 42

Drugs that produce hallucinations, change thought processes, or disrupt the normal perception of time & space (LSD, mescaline, salvia divinorum, psilocybin)

Question 43

anabolic steroids

Answer 43

synthetic derivatives of testosterone that are taken by pill or injection; used to increase muscle mass & strength

Question 44

marijuana

Answer 44

contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); related to mild euphoria, relaxation, intense sensations, reduced pain, & various cognitive deficits

Question 45

Psychoactive drugs work by ......

Answer 45

acting on brain neurotransmitters

Question 46

Psychoactive drugs can:

Answer 46

- increase/decrease the release of neurotransmitters - prevent re-absorption - block effects of neurotransmitters - bind to receptors

Question 47

Cocaine blocks the brain’s reabsorption (“_______”) of the neurotransmitters _________ and _______________, so levels of these substances rise.

Answer 47

- reuptake - dopamine - norepinephrine

Question 48

- Information stored before drinking is preserved but .... | - storing of new memories is ....

Answer 48

- recalled slower | - impaired

Question 49

ecstacy (MDMA)

Answer 49

Synthetic drug with properties of hallucinogenics and stimulants; increases empathy, insight and energy (can cause damage of serotonin cells)

Question 50

Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on....

Answer 50

- physical factors - experience - environmental factors - mental set or expectations

Question 51

acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 51

neurotransmitter for motor neurons involving voluntary movement

Question 52

venom of black widow spider

Answer 52

stimulates release of ACh causing massive post-synaptic potentials

Question 53

botulinum toxin

Answer 53

prevents release of ACh despite neural firing

Question 54

nicotine

Answer 54

stimulates some post-synaptic Each receptors

Question 55

curare

Answer 55

clocks post-synaptic receptors

Question 56

depletion of ACh observed for individuals suffering from _____________ disease

Answer 56

Alzheimer's

Question 57

dopamine

Answer 57

neurotransmitter involved with instructions for the control of voluntary movements and reward centers (degeneration leads to Parkinsonism)

Question 58

amphetamines

Answer 58

stimulants that both increase release of dopamine and block reuptake