Chapter 10 Muscle Physiology

Question 1

term for the change in charge across a membrane

Answer 1

action potential

Question 2

another term for muscle cell

Answer 2

muscle fiber

Question 3

adipose & areolar tissue below skin, also called superficial fascia

Answer 3

hypodermis

Question 4

structure that connects muscle to bone

Answer 4

tendon

Question 5

structure that connects bone to bone

Answer 5

ligament

Question 6

term for a flat tendon

Answer 6

aponeurosis

Question 7

groups of muscle cells within a muscle

Answer 7

muscle fascicle

Question 8

another name for a skeletal muscle cell membrane

Answer 8

sarcolemma

Question 9

name for the invagination of the sarcolemma into the muscle cell

Answer 9

T-tubule

Question 10

name for the cytoplasm of the muscle cell

Answer 10

sarcoplasm

Question 11

ion that is in low concentration in the sarcoplasm when a muscle cell is at rest

Answer 11

Ca++

Question 12

another term for the smooth ER of muscle cell that stores calcium

Answer 12

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

long contractile cylinders within a muscle cell

Answer 13

myofibrils

Question 14

the myofilament made up of mostly myosin

Answer 14

thick

Question 15

the name for the dark band or striation in a muscle cell

Answer 15

A-band

Question 16

the name for the light band between striations of a muscle cell

Answer 16

I-band

Question 17

the unit that runs from Z-line to Z-line in a muscle cell

Answer 17

sarcomere

Question 18

the unit of contraction in a muscle cell

Answer 18

sarcomere

Question 19

the thick myofilament and partially overlapping thin myofilament make up this part of the sarcomere

Answer 19

A-band

Question 20

the Z-line is found in the middle of this band

Answer 20

I-band

Question 21

middle of the A-band where no thin myofilament overlaps

Answer 21

H-zone

Question 22

part of the myosin protein in the muscle cell that has the ability to break down ATP

Answer 22

myosin head

Question 23

thin myofilament protein that binds to myosin

Answer 23

actin

Question 24

the protein that covers the myosin-binding sites on actin

Answer 24

tropomyosin

Question 25

protein in the thin myofilament that can bind calcium

Answer 25

troponin

Question 26

protein channel that opens when there is a change in charge

Answer 26

voltage-gated channel

Question 27

the part of the neuromuscular junction that releases neurotransmitter

Answer 27

axon terminal

Question 28

neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 28

acetylcholine

Question 29

connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle

Answer 29

epimysium

Question 30

structures in the axon terminal that contain neurotransmitter

Answer 30

synaptic vesicles

Question 31

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

Answer 31

acetylcholinesterase

Question 32

one neuron and all muscle cells it innervates

Answer 32

motor unit

Question 33

size of a motor unit that has one neuron attached to many many muscle cells

Answer 33

large

Question 34

size of a motor unit that has one neuron attached to only a few muscle cells

Answer 34

small

Question 35

motor unit size you would expect in muscles of the back

Answer 35

large

Question 36

law that states that when a muscle cell contracts, it contracts all of the way

Answer 36

all or none Law

Question 37

term used to describe increasing the number of active motor units

Answer 37

recruitment

Question 38

muscle that has decreased muscle tone

Answer 38

hypotonic

Question 39

muscle that has increased muscle tone

Answer 39

hypertonic

Question 40

"limp" paralysis due to damage of nerve (motor neurons)

Answer 40

flaccid paralysis

Question 41

paralysis where muscles remain contracted

Answer 41

spastic paralysis

Question 42

type of paralysis usually seen when there is brain damage

Answer 42

spastic

Question 43

term used to describe the condition when a muscle has lost myofibrils

Answer 43

atrophy

Question 44

term used to describe the condition when a muscle has increased myofibrils

Answer 44

hypertrophy

Question 45

location of calcium pump in a neuron

Answer 45

axon terminal membrane

Question 46

term used to describe the pivoting of myosin heads attached to actin

Answer 46

power stroke

Question 47

location of calcium pump in a muscle cell

Answer 47

sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane

Question 48

storage of high energy phosphate in muscle cells other than ATP

Answer 48

phosphocreatine

Question 49

products of anaerobic breakdown of glucose

Answer 49

2 lactic acid + 2 ATP

Question 50

reaction that has these products: water, carbon dioxide, ATP, heat

Answer 50

cellular respiration

Question 51

protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells

Answer 51

myoglobin

Question 52

the amount of oxygen the body must take up to rebuild the energy stores

Answer 52

oxygen debt

Question 53

stored polysaccharide in muscle cells

Answer 53

glycogen

Question 54

contraction of one motor unit in response to action potential

Answer 54

twitch

Question 55

graph of a twitch

Answer 55

myogram

Question 56

time before muscle contraction in a myogram

Answer 56

latent period

Question 57

time it takes before a muscle cell can contract a second time

Answer 57

refractory period

Question 58

type of muscle cell that can react quickly and use anaerobic ATP

Answer 58

fast twitch fibers

Question 59

type of muscle fibers that use cellular respiration for ATP and fatigue less

Answer 59

slow twitch fibers

Question 60

term used to describe a second contraction greater than first when the muscle cell is stimulated before complete relaxation

Answer 60

summation

Question 61

term used to describe sustained muscle contraction

Answer 61

tetanus

Question 62

term used to describe muscle contraction that becomes greater if a muscle contracts and completely relaxes several times

Answer 62

treppe

Question 63

type of contraction described when a muscle as a whole stays the same length in spite of cross bridges forming

Answer 63

isometric contraction

Question 64

type of contract described when a constant load is placed on a muscle and the muscle shortens

Answer 64

isotonic contraction

Question 65

types of junctions found in an intercalated disc

Answer 65

gap, desmosome

Question 66

cell junction in cardiac muscle

Answer 66

intercalated disc

Question 67

ability of cardiac muscle to develop an action potential without a neuron input

Answer 67

self-excitation

Question 68

type of muscle with the greatest regenerative capacity

Answer 68

smooth

Question 69

part of the neuromuscular junction that has acetylcholine receptors

Answer 69

motor end plate

Question 70

the name for the space between the axon terminal and motor end plate

Answer 70

synaptic cleft

Question 71

number of neurons in a motor unit no matter what the size

Answer 71

one

Question 72

organelle required by muscle cells that create a lot of ATP by cellular respiration

Answer 72

mitochondria

Question 73

the color of a muscle with a lot of myoglobin

Answer 73

red

Question 74

muscle that is not striated

Answer 74

smooth

Question 75

what occurs when acetylcholine binds to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 75

Na+ influx

Question 76

connective tissue surrounding one muscle cell

Answer 76

endomysium