Chapter 10: Social Thinking

Question 1

Social psychologists call the phenomenon of individuals liking each other ____________________.

Answer 1

Interpersonal attraction

Question 2

Humans are attracted to individuals with certain body proportions approximating the _______________ (1.618:1)

Answer 2

Golden ratio

Question 3

Another component of attraction lies in the opportunity for ________________, or sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy.

Answer 3

Self-disclosure

Question 4

________________ is the phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them.

Answer 4

Reciprocal liking

Question 5

______________, or just being physically close to someone, plays a factor in attraction to a person.

Answer 5

Proximity

Question 6

__________________ or __________________, the tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently.

Answer 6

• Mere exposure effect
• Familiarity effect

Question 7

______________ is defined as a behaviour that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance.

Answer 7

Aggression

Question 8

The ______________ is the part of the brain responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments.

Answer 8

Amygdala

Question 9

Higher-order brain structures, such as the _______________, can hit the brakes on a revved-up amygdala, reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.

Answer 9

Prefrontal cortex

Question 10

Higher levels of ________________ hormone have been linked to more aggressive behaviour in humans irrespective of sex or gender.

Answer 10

Testosterone

Question 11

The ____________________ states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.

Answer 11

Cognitive neoassociation model

Question 12

______________ is an emotional bond between a caregiver and a child that begins to develop during infancy.

Answer 12

Attachment

Question 13

4 main types of attachment styles have been described: ____________, ___________, ______________, and _____________.

Answer 13

• Secure
• Avoidant
• Ambivalent
• Disorganized

Question 14

________________ is seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that there is a secure base to return to.

Answer 14

Secure attachment

Question 15

__________________ include the following attachment types: avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized.

Answer 15

Insecure attachment

Question 16

________________ results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child.

Answer 16

Avoidant attachment

Question 17

_________________ occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully.

Answer 17

Ambivalent attachment

Question 18

The ambivalent attachment is sometimes referred to as _____________________ because the child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver.

Answer 18

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

Question 19

Children with _________________ show no clear pattern of behaviour in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviours.

Answer 19

Disorganized attachment

Question 20

In psychology, ______________ is the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.

Answer 20

Social support

Question 21

_________________ is listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings. It’s the I’m sorry for your loss condolence card or a trip to the hospital to visit a sick relative.

Answer 21

Emotional support

Question 22

________________ is similar to emotional support, but touches more directly on affirming the qualities and skills of a person. Reminding others of the skills they possess to tackle a problem can bolster their confidence.

Answer 22

Esteem support

Question 23

For example, consider a friend who has missed a significant amount of school due to illness. Calling that friend a smart and efficient worker who should have no problem making up the work would be providing _____________ support.

Answer 23

Esteem support

Question 24

_________________, also called _________________, is any type of financial or material contribution to another person. It can come in the form of making a meal for friends after they have lost a loved one or donating money to a person in need.

Answer 24

• Material support
• Tangible support

Question 25

_________________ refers to providing information that will help someone.

Answer 25

Informational support

Question 26

You will spend much of your doctor career providing ____________________ to patients as you explain their diagnoses, potential treatment options, and risks and benefits of those treatment options.

Answer 26

Informational support

Question 27

_______________ is the type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging. This can be shown physically or can be accomplished through gestures, group activities, and shared experiences.

Answer 27

Network support

Question 28

The behaviour of ____________, or seeking out and eating food, is driven by biological, psychological, and social influences.

Answer 28

Foraging

Question 29

The sensation of hunger is controlled by the ________________.

Answer 29

Hypothalamus

Question 30

Specifically, the ___________________ promotes hunger, while the ____________________ responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety.

Answer 30

- Lateral hypothalamus - Ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 31

A _____________ described the organization of a group's sexual behaviour.

Answer 31

Mating system

Question 32

Mating systems seen among animals include ______________, _______________, and _______________.

Answer 32

- Monogamy - Polygamy - Promiscuity

Question 33

____________ refers to an exclusive mating relationship.

Answer 33

Monogamy

Question 34

_____________ means having exclusive relationships with multiple partners.

Answer 34

Polygamy

Question 35

Having exclusive relationships with multiple females is called ______________.

Answer 35

Polygyny

Question 36

Having exclusive relationships with multiple males is called _____________.

Answer 36

Polyandry

Question 37

_______________ refers to a member of one sex mating with others without exclusivity.

Answer 37

Promiscuity

Question 38

______________, or ________________, is the selection of a mate based on attraction.

Answer 38

- Mate choice - Intersexual selection

Question 39

____________ refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate. This is an evolutionary mechanism aimed at increasing the fitness of the species.

Answer 39

Mate bias

Question 40

Mate bias may carry _____________ by providing material advantages, protection, or emotional support.

Answer 40

Direct benefits

Question 41

Mate bias may carry _______________ by promoting better survival in offspring.

Answer 41

Indirect benefits

Question 42

There are 5 recognized mechanisms of mate choice: - ___________ benefits - ___________ bias - ___________ or ________________ - _____________ traits - ___________ compatibility

Answer 42

- Phenotypic benefits - Sensory bias - Fisherian or runaway selection - Indicator traits - Genetic compatibility

Question 43

5 mechanisms of mate choice: - _________________: observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex. Usually, these traits indicate increased production and survival of offspring.

Answer 43

Phenotypic benefits

Question 44

Males that appear more nurturing are more likely to care for, and promote the survival of, their offspring.

Answer 44

Phenotypic benefits

Question 45

5 mechanisms of mate choice: - _________________: development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population.

Answer 45

Sensory bias

Question 46

Fiddler crabs are naturally attracted to structures that break up the level horizon because they may indicate a food source; male crabs take advantage of this fact by building pillars around their territory to attract mates. This is an example of ______________.

Answer 46

Sensory bias

Question 47

5 mechanisms of mate choice: - _______________________: a positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time.

Answer 47

Fisherian or runaway selection

Question 48

In this model of mate choice, a trait is deemed sexually desirable and thus is more likely to be passed on. This increases the attractiveness of the trait, which in turn increases the likelihood that it continues to be passed on.

Answer 48

Fisherian or runaway selection

Question 49

The exaggerated plumage of the peacock is the prototypical example of _____________________, in which the attractiveness of a trait that imparts a survival disadvantage leads to its continuation and exaggeration within the species.

Answer 49

Fisherian or runaway selection

Question 50

5 mechanisms of mate choice: - _________________: traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates.

Answer 50

Indicator traits

Question 51

Female cats are more attracted to male cats with clean and shiny coats, a dirty and dll coat may be related to an underlying genetic problem, or to malnutrition or infection. This is an example of ________________.

Answer 51

Indicator traits

Question 52

5 mechanisms of mate choice: - __________________: the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics.

Answer 52

Genetic compatibility

Question 53

This theory of mate choice provides a mechanism for the reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the population: attraction to others who have starkly different genetic makeups reduces the probability of offspring being homozygotic for a disease-carrying allele.

Answer 53

Genetic compatibility

Question 54

____________ is a form of helping behaviour in which the individual's intent is to benefit another at some cost to the self.

Answer 54

Altruism

Question 55

The ______________________ is one explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behaviour.

Answer 55

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Question 56

______________ attempts to explain decision-making behaviour. A game is defined by its players, the information and actions available to each player at decision points, and payoffs associated with each outcome. In biology, game payoffs refer to fitness

Answer 56

Game theory

Question 57

Game theorists studying sex ratios in various species developed the concept of the ____________________ (_____). When an ______ is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising. The strategies are thus inherited traits passed along with the population, with the object of the game being becoming more fit than competitors.

Answer 57

Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

Question 58

4 strategic alternatives for socially influenced competitors: - ___________ - ____________ - _________ - _______________

Answer 58

- Altruism - Cooperattion - Spite - Selfishness

Question 59

Strategic alternatives for socially influenced competitors: - ____________: the donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to the donor - Donor: - - Recipient: +

Answer 59

Altruism

Question 60

Strategic alternatives for socially influenced competitors: - ______________: both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating - Donor: + - Recipient: +

Answer 60

Cooperation

Question 61

Strategic alternatives for socially influenced competitors: - ____________: both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted. - Donor: - - Recipient: -

Answer 61

Spite

Question 62

Strategic alternatives for socially influenced competitors: - ______________: the donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted. - Donor: + - Recipient: -

Answer 62

Selfishness

Question 63

Rock-paper-scissors and chicken can be explained by ______________.

Answer 63

Game theory

Question 64

In evolutionary psychology, ________________ is a measure of an organism's success in the population.

Answer 64

Inclusive fitness

Question 65

________________, is also referred to as _______________, and provides the tools to make judgments and impressions regarding other people.

Answer 65

- Social perception - Social cognition

Question 66

_______________ are explanations for the causes of people's actions.

Answer 66

Attributions

Question 67

There are 3 primary components of social perception: the _____________, the __________, and the ____________.

Answer 67

- Perceiver - Target - Situation

Question 68

The ______________ in social perception is influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state.

Answer 68

Perceiver

Question 69

The _____________ in social perception refers to the person about which the perception is made.

Answer 69

Target

Question 70

The ______________ in social perception can determine what information is available to the perceiver.

Answer 70

Situation

Question 71

_____________ is the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions.

Answer 71

Primacy effect

Question 72

Sometimes it is actually the most recent information we have about an individual that is the most important in forming our impressions; this is called the _______________.

Answer 72

Recency effect

Question 73

Individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver. This idea is referred to as the _____________________.

Answer 73

Reliance on central traits

Question 74

The categories we place others in during impression formation is based on _____________________. This theory states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behaviour are related.

Answer 74

Implicit personality theory

Question 75

Making assumptions about people based on the category win which they are placed is known as _______________.

Answer 75

Stereotyping

Question 76

The _____________ is a cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one's overall impression of the individual. It is the tendency to allow a general impression about a person (I like Jin) to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person (Jin is a good person, Jin is trustworthy, Jin can do no wrong).

Answer 76

Halo effect

Question 77

The ______________ explains why people are often inaccurate when evaluating people that they either believe to be generally good or those that they believe to be generally bad.

Answer 77

Halo effect

Question 78

In __________________, good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people; noble actions are rewarded and evil actions are punished.

Answer 78

Just-world hypothesis

Question 79

Self-identity and perception can be skewed through _________________, also known as ____________________, which refers to the fact that individuals credit their own successes to internal factors and blame their failures on external factors.

Answer 79

- Self-serving bias - Self-serving attributional bias

Question 80

Self-serving bias is influenced by motivational processes, like _________________ and _________________.

Answer 80

- Self-enhancement - Self-verification

Question 81

________________ focuses on the need to maintain self-worth, which can be accomplished in part by the self-serving bias.

Answer 81

Self-enhancement

Question 82

________________ suggests people will seek the companionship of others who see them as they see themselves, thereby validating a person's self-serving bias.

Answer 82

Self-verification

Question 83

______________ refers to the inclination to view members in one's group more favourable.

Answer 83

In-group bias

Question 84

_______________ refers to the inclination to view individuals outside one's group harshly.

Answer 84

Out-group bias

Question 85

_________________ describes how individuals infer the causes of other people's behaviour.

Answer 85

Attribution theory

Question 86

Fritz Heider, one of the founders of attribution theory, divided the causes for attribution into two main categories: ______________ (internal) and _______________ (external).

Answer 86

- Dispositional (internal) attributions - Situational (external) attributions

Question 87

_______________ (__________) attributions are those that relate to the person whose behaviour is being considered, including beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics.

Answer 87

Dispositional (internal) attributions

Question 88

______________ (___________) attributions are those that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure.

Answer 88

Situational (external) attributions

Question 89

Suppose you hear that a friend has been nominated for an academic award. Believing that the friend has been nominated because of hard work and personal effort would be a _________________.

Answer 89

Dispositional attribution

Question 90

Suppose you hear that a friend has been nominated for an academic award. Chalking up your friend's nomination to luck would be a __________________.

Answer 90

Situational attribution

Question 91

In order to understand the behaviour of others, a variety of cues are used. These include ______________ cues, ______________ cues, and ________________ cues.

Answer 91

- Consistency cues - Consensus cues - Distinctiveness cues

Question 92

________________ refer to the behaviour of a person over time. The more regular the behaviour, the more we associate that behaviour with the motives of the person.

Answer 92

Consistency cues

Question 93

________________ relate to the extent to which a person's behaviour differs from others. If a person deviates from socially expected behaviour, we are likely to form a dispositional attribution about the person's behaviour.

Answer 93

Consensus cues

Question 94

_________________ refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behaviour across a series of scenarios. If a person's behaviour varies Jin different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.

Answer 94

Distinctiveness cues

Question 95

The __________________ takes the variable cues concept one step further by focusing on the intentionality of others' behaviour. When an individual unexpectedly performs a behaviour that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behaviour by dispositional attribution.

Answer 95

Correspondent inference theory

Question 96

The __________________ posits that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when judging the actions of others.

Answer 96

Fundamental attribution error

Question 97

Assuming that a person's behaviours accurately portray who they are as a person is easier than speculating about what circumstances might have caused the observed behaviour. This is the definition of ___________________.

Answer 97

Fundamental attribution error

Question 98

___________________ (or ________) results from the self-serving bias (by the actor) and the fundamental attribution error (by the observer). It holds that, due to our unique knowledge about our own actions, we are more likely to make situational attributions for the self as compared to others.

Answer 98

Actor-observer asymmetry (or bias)

Question 99

If you, rather than another person, failed to complete an assignment, for example, you would be far more likely to consider the situational factors involved in your behaviour because you are intimately aware of them. This is an example of ____________________.

Answer 99

Actor-observer asymmetry (or bias)

Question 100

________________ occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic.

Answer 100

Attribute substitution