Chapter 7: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Psychological disorders are characteristic sets of thoughts, feelings, or actions that cause noticeable distress to the sufferer, are considered deviant by the individual’s culture, or cause ________________ functioning in society, meaning that some aspect of the individual’s behaviour negatively impacts others or leads to self-defeating outcomes.
A
Maladaptive
2
Q
The _______________ approach assumes that any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances, and thus the solution should also be of a biomedical nature.
A
Biomedical approach
3
Q
The _______________ approach assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder.
A
Biopsychosocial approach
4
Q
In the biopsychosocial model, the goal is often to provide not only _______________ - treatment that acts directly on the individual, such as medication or periodic meetings with a psychologist - but also _______________, which aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual.
A
- Direct therapy
- Indirect therapy
5
Q
The _____________________ (_________) is used by clinicians to fit lists of compiled symptoms from a patient into a category and thus to diagnose that patient.
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
6
Q
According to the DSM-5, individuals with a ________________ present with one or more of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behaviour, catatonia, and negative symptoms.
A
Psychotic disorder
7
Q
________________ are behaviours, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behaviour.
A
Positive symptoms
8
Q
________________ are features that are experienced in individuals with psychotic disorders that are not present in the general population. Examples include delusions and hallucinations, disorganized thought, and disorganized for catatonic behaviour.
A
Positive symptoms
9
Q
Psychotic symptoms are divided into _____________ and _____________ types.
A
- Positive symptoms
- Negative symptoms
10
Q
Positive symptoms are considered by some to be two distinct dimensions - the _____________ dimension (delusions and hallucinations) and the _____________ dimension (disorganized thought and behaviour) - perhaps with different underlying causes.
A
- Psychotic dimension
- Disorganized dimension
11
Q
________________ are symptoms that involve the absence of normal or desired behaviour, such as disturbance of affect and avolition.
A
Negative symptoms
12
Q
_____________ are false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture.
A
Delusions
13
Q
_________________ involve the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual. For example, people may believe that characters in the TV show are talking to them directly.
A
Delusions of reference
14
Q
________________ involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfere with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened.
A
Delusions of persecution
15
Q
________________, also common in bipolar I disorder, involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way, such as being an inventor, historical figure, or religious icon.
A
Delusions of grandeur
16
Q
A common delusion involve the concept of ________________, which is the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world.
A
Thought broadcasting
17
Q
A common delusion involve the concept of ________________, which is the belief that thoughts are bring removed from one’s head.
A
Thought withdrawal
18
Q
A common delusion involve the concept of ________________, which is the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head.
A
Thought insertion
19
Q
_______________ are perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but which nevertheless seem real to the person perceiving them.
A
Hallucinations
20
Q
The most common form of hallucination is ____________, involving voices that are perceived as coming from inside or outside the patient’s head.
A
Auditory
21
Q
_________________ is characterized by loosening of associations. This may be exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought.
A
Disorganized thoughts
22
Q
A patient’s speech may be so disorganized that it seems to have no structure - as though it were just words thrown together incomprehensibly. This is sometimes called _____________.
A
Word salad
23
Q
A person with schizophrenia may even invent new words, called ______________.
A
Neologisms
24
Q
_________________ refers to an inability to carry out activities of daily living, such as paying bills, maintaining hygiene, and keeping appointments.
A
Disorganized behaviour
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______________ refers to certain motor behaviours characteristic of some people with schizophrenia.
Catatonia
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At the other extreme, catatonic behaviour may include useless and bizarre movements not caused by any external stimuli, _____________ (repeating another's words), or _______________ (imitating another's actions).
- Echolalia
- Echopraxia
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___________ refers to the experience and display of emotion, so disturbance of it is any disruption to these abilities.
Affect
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Affective symptoms may include ____________, in which there is a severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression.
Blunting
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Affective symptoms may include ________________ (___________), in which there are virtually no signs of emotional expression.
Emotional flattening (flat affect)
30
Affective symptoms may include _________________, in which the affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual's speech.
Inappropriate affect
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_____________ that is part of the negative symptoms, is marked by decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions.
Avolition
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______________ is characterized by a break between an individual and reality. The term itself literally means "split mind".
Schizophrenia
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Before schizophrenia is diagnosed, a patient often goes through a phase characterized by poor adjustment. This phase is called the _____________ phase.
Prodromal phase
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In schizophrenia, the prodromal phase is followed by the ___________ phase in which pronounced psychotic symptoms are displayed.
Active phase
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Diagnosis of schizophrenia usually occurs during the __________ phase.
Active phase
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In schizophrenia, the active phase is followed by the ___________ phase, also called the ___________ phase, occurs after an active episode and is characterized by mental clarity often resulting in concern or depression as the individual becomes aware of previous behaviour.
- Residual phase
- Recovery phase
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_________________: Include both personality disorder and psychotic symptoms, with the personality symptoms having been already established before psychotic symptoms present.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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_______________: Psychotic symptoms are limited to delusions and are present for at least a month.
Delusion disorder
39
__________________: Positive psychotic symptoms are present for at least a day, but less than a month.
Brief Psychotic Disorder
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___________________: Same diagnostic criteria as schizophrenia except in duration; the required duration for this diagnosis is only 1 month.
Schizophreniform Disorder
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_________________: Major mood episodes (major depressive episodes and manic episodes) while also presenting psychotic symptoms.
Schizoaffective disorder
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_________________ are conditions characterized by feelings of sadness that are severe enough, in both magnitude and duration, to meet specific diagnostic criteria.
Depressive disorders
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9 depressive symptoms defined in the DSM-5: S___________ + SIG E. CAPS
- Sadness
- Sleep
- Interest
- Guilt
- Energy
- Concentration
- Appetite
- Psychomotor symptoms
- Suicidal thoughts
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One of the depressive symptoms:
- ______________: Depressed mood, feelings of sadness and emptiness
Sadness
45
One of the depressive symptoms:
- ____________: Insomnia or hypersomnia
Sleep
46
One of the depressive symptoms:
- ______________: Loss of interest and pleasure in activities that previously sparked joy, termed ______________
- Interest
- Anhedonia
47
One of the depressive symptoms:
- ____________: A feeling oof inappropriate guilt or worthlessness.
Guilt
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One of the depressive symptoms:
- _____________: Lower levels of energy throughout the day.
Energy
49
One of the depressive symptoms:
- _______________: Decrease in ability to concentrate (self described, or observed by others).
Concentration
50
One of the depressive symptoms:
- ______________: Pronounced change in appetite (increase or decrease) resulting in a significant change (5%+) in weight.
Appetite
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One of the depressive symptoms:
- ____________________: Psychomotor retardation (slowed thoughts and physical movements) and psychomotor agitation (restlessness resulting in undesired movement).
Psychomotor symptoms
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One of the depressive symptoms:
- _______________: Recurrent suicidal thoughts
Suicidal thoughts
53
The key diagnostic feature of ____________________ (________) is the presence of major depressive episodes.
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
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A __________________ is defined as a 2-week (or longer) period in which 5 of the 9 defined depressive symptoms are encountered, which must include either depressed mood or anhedonia.
Major depressive episode
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_______________ is the inability to feel and anticipate pleasure.
Anhedonia
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A diagnosis of ___________________ (_______), also known as _____________, is given when an individual experiences a period, lasting at least 2 years, in which they experience a depressed mood on the majority of days.
- Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
- Dysthymia
57
The DSM-5 includes __________________ disorder, which is typically diagnosed between the ages of 6and 10, and has the key diagnostic feature of persistent and recurrent emotional irritability in multiple environments (school, home, etc.)
Disruptive mood dysregulation
58
_____________________ is characterized by mood changes, often depressed mood, occurring a few days before menses and resolving after menses onset.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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In ___________________ (______), the dark winter months are believed to be the source of depressive symptoms and thus the disorder is best categorized as major depressive disorder with seasonal onset.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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In _________________, the rapid change in hormone levels just after giving birth is the cause of the depressive symptoms.
Postpartum depression
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Seasonal affective disorder is often treated with ________________ therapy, where the patient is exposed to a bright light for a specified amount of time each day.
Bright light therapy
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_______________ symptoms are associated with an exaggerated elevation in mood, accompanied by an increase in goal-directed activity and energy,
Manic symptoms
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According to the DSM-5, there are 7 manic symptoms. These symptoms can be recalled with the mnemonic: DIG FAST
- Distractibility
- Irresponsibility
- Grandiosity
- Flight of thoughts
- Activity or agitation
- Sleep
- Talkative
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The presence of manic symptoms are considered a _________________ if the symptoms are present for at least 4 days and include at least 3 or more of the 7 defined manic symptoms, yet the symptoms are not severe enough to impair the person's social or work activities.
Hypomanic episode
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The hypomanic episode diagnosis progresses to a _______________ if the manic symptoms (3 or more of the defined 7) are severe enough to impair a person's social or work activities and persist for at least 7 days.
Manic episode
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When manic episodes are present, a diagnosis of __________________ is likely to be made, as the key diagnostic feature of this disorder is the presence of manic episode.
Bipolar I disorder
67
The key feature of a _________________ diagnosis is the presence of both a major depressive episode and an accompanying hypomanic episode, but not a manic episode.
Bipolar II disorder
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The diagnostic features of _________________ are the presence of both manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be considered episodes.
Cyclothymic disorder
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For a diagnosis of _________________ to be made, a person must have experienced numerous periods of manic and depressive symptoms for the majority of time over a 2-year (or longer) period.
Cyclothymic disorder
70
Depression is associated with low _______________ and ______________ levels.
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
71
Manic episodes are associated with high levels of ______________ and _______________ neurotransmitters.
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
72
The _____________ or ____________________ holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression.
- Monoamine
- Catecholamine theory of depression
73
_________ is often defined as an emotional response to an immediate threat.
Fear
74
____________ can be viewed as fear of an upcoming or future event.
Anxiety
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It is only considered an _______________ when irrational and excessive fear or anxiety affects an individual's daily functioning.
Anxiety disorder
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A ___________ is an irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it.
Phobia
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A ______________ is one in which fear and anxiety are produced by specific object or situation.
Specified phobia
78
________________ is the excessive fear of being separated from one's caregivers or home environment.
Separation anxiety
79
Although some separation anxiety is common and to be expected in young children, when this anxiety is excessive and persists beyond the age where it is deemed developmentally appropriate, the person may be diagnosed with _____________________.
Separation anxiety disorder
80
The key diagnostic feature of __________________ is fear or anxiety towards social situations with the belief that the individual will be exposed, embarrassed, or simply negatively perceived by others.
Social anxiety disorder
81
Although categorized as a separate anxiety disorder, ______________ is heavily associated with social anxiety disorder and characterized by the consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected.
Selective mutism
82
The key diagnostic feature of _______________ is the recurrence of unexpected panic attacks.
Panic disorder
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A ______________ is the sudden surge of fear in which individuals feel that they are losing control of their body and/or that they are dying.
Panic attack
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The occurrence of an individual's attacks may be associated with specific triggers, in which case the attacks are termed ___________________.
Expected panic attacks
85
If there is no clear trigger and the panic attacks are seemingly random, they are termed ____________________.
Unexpected panic attacks
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_______________ is an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or situations where it might be difficult for an individual to escape.
Agoraphobia
87
____________________ (_______) is defined as a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things - making mortgage payments, doing a good job at work, returning emails, political issues, and so on - for at least 6 months.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
88
___________________ (______) is characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses), which produce tension, and compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person's life.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
89
______________ are perceived needs with the accompanying ideation that if a particular need is not met, then disastrous events will follow.
Obsessions
90
Actions paired with obsessions are termed _______________.
Compulsions
91
In __________________, a person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of personal appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward a certain body part.
Body dysmorphic disorder
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A ________________, a type of worry which lacks the disastrous ideation that accompanies obsessions.
Preoocupation
93
A common association with body dismorphic disorder is _________________, in which individuals believe that their body is too small or unmuscular (a preoccupation) and respond through working out.
Muscle dysmorphia
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Individuals with ______________ often fill their homes with seemingly useless items even past the point where the accumulation of belongings impairs daily life.
Hoarding disorder
95
In the case of __________________, individuals are compelled to pull out their hair.
Trichotillomania
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In the case of ________________, individuals are compelled to pick at their skin.
Excoriation disorder
97
___________________ (_______) occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as war, a home invasion, rape, or a natural disaster, and consists of intrusion symptoms, arousal symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and negative cognitive symptoms.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
98
One of the 4 types of PTSD symptoms:
- ________________ include recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress.
Intrusion symptoms
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One of the 4 types of PTSD symptoms:
- ________________ include an increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behaviour, and sleep disturbances.
Arousal symptoms
100
One of the 4 types of PTSD symptoms:
- ________________ include deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma.
Avoidance symptoms
101
One of the 4 types of PTSD symptoms:
- __________________ include an inability too recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and a persistent negative view of the world.
Negative cognitive symptoms
102
If the symptoms for PTSD last for less than one month (but more than 3 days), it may be called ___________________.
Acute stress disorder
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_____________ and ___________ symptoms can be explained by associative learning, specifically classical conditioning, in which the event has become associated with traumatic triggers and has generalized to include everyday stimuli.
- Intrusion symptoms
- Arousal symptoms
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_________________ can be explained through operant conditioning, specifically avoidance learning, in which an individual learns behaviour to avoid unpleasant stimuli, or involuntary responses in the case of PTSD.
Avoidance symptoms
105
__________________ can be viewed as a form of dissociation, which is a defense mechanism to avoid unpleasant stimuli.
Negative cognitive symptoms
106
Patients with __________________ avoid stress by escaping from parts of their identity.
Dissociative disorders
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_________________ is characterized by an inability to recall past experiences.
Dissociative amnesia
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Some individuals with dissociative amnesia may also experience ___________________: a sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one's home or location of usual daily activities.
Dissociative fugue
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In ____________________ (_______, formerly multiple personality disorder), there are two or more personalities that recurrently take control of the patient's behaviour.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
110
In _________________/_________________, individuals feel detached from their own minds and bodies (_________________) or from they surroundings (______________)
- Depersonalization/derealization disorder
- Depersonalization
- Derealization
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An out-of-body experience is an example of ________________.
Depersonalization
112
______________ is often described as giving the world a dreamlike or insubstantial quality.
Derealization
113
Individuals with __________________ have at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, and that is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy it, or elevated levels of anxiety.
Somatic symptom disorder
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___________________ is characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition.
Illness anxiety disorder
115
_________________, also known as ___________________________, is characterized by symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions that are incompatible with the patient's neurophysiological condition.
- Conversion disorder
- Functional neurological syndrome disorder
116
The patient may be surprisingly unconcerned by being paralyzed or blind in conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder) - what is called _____________________.
La belle indifference
117
Conversion disorder was historically called ____________.
Hysteria
118
A parent going blind shortly after watching a child die tragically. This is an example of ________________.
Conversion disorder/Functional neurological symptom disorder
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A _________________ is a pattern of behaviour that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control.
Personality disorder
120
Personality disorders are considered ______________, meaning that individuals perceive their behaviour as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals.
Ego-syntonic
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In addition to _________________, there are ten personality disorders grouped into three clusters: cluster A (paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid), cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic), and cluster C (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive).
General personality disorder
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The ______________________ are marked by behaviour that is labeled as odd or eccentric by others. Its three examples include paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality disorders.
Cluster A personality disorder
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___________________ is marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives.
Paranoid personality disorder
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In some cases, the paranoid personality disorder patients may actually be in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia and are termed ______________.
Premorbid
125
____________________ refers to a pattern of off or eccentric thinking. These individuals may have ideas of reference (similar to delusions of reference, but not as extreme in intensity) as well as magical thinking, such as superstitiousness or a belief in clairvoyance.
Schizotypal personality disorder
126
__________________ is a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression. People with this disorder show little desire for social interactions, have few or no close friends, and have poor social skills.
Schizoid personality disorder
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The ___________________ are all marked by behaviour that is labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others. Its four examples include antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Cluster B personality disorder
128
____________________ is three times more common in males than in females. The essential feature of this disorder is a pattern of disregard for and violations of the rights of others.
Antisocial personality disorder
129
____________________ is two times more common is females than in males. There is a pervasive instability in interpersonal behaviour, mood, and self-image. Interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable. There many be profound identity disturbance with uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values.
Borderline personality disorder
130
Individuals with borderline personality disorder may use _______________ as a defense mechanism, in which they view others as either all good or all bad (an angel vs. devil mentality).
Splitting
131
____________________ is characterized by constant attention-seeking behaviour. These individuals often wear colourful clothing, are dramatic, and are exceptionally extroverted. They may also use seduction behaviour to gain attention.
Histrionic personality disorder
132
In ____________________, the patient has a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships such as feelings of entitlement.
Narcissistic personality disorder
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The _____________________ are all marked by behaviour that is labelled as anxious or fearful by others. Its three examples include avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Cluster C personality disorders
134
In ____________________, the affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection. Individuals who have this disorder will see themselves as socially inept and are often socially isolated, despite an intense desire for social affection and acceptance.
Avoidant personality disorder
135
___________________ is characterized by a continuous need for reassurance. Individuals with this disorder tend to remain dependent on one specific person, such as caregiver or significant other, to take actions and make decisions.
Dependent personality disorder
136
In __________________________ (_________), the individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order. Other characteristics may include an inability too discard worn-out objects, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, lack of a sense of humour, and maintenance of careful routines.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
137
________________ (______) is ego-dystonic (I can't stop washing my hands because of the germs!), where as ____________________ (_______) is ego-syntonic (I just like rules and order!)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
138
Schizophrenia is highly associated with an excess of ______________ in the brain; many medications used to treat schizophrenia, such as neuroleptics, block __________________.
- Dopamine
- Dopamine receptors
139
The term _______________ means that these medications depress nerve function.
Neuroleptic
140
Neuroleptics are also known as ________________.
Antipsychotics
141
A host of markers associated with depression:
- Abnormally high _____________ metabolism in the amygdala
- __________________ after a long duration of illness.
- Abnormally high levels of __________________ (____________).
- Decreased ________________, _____________, and ____________ (monoamine theory of depression).
- Glucose
- Hippocampal atrophy
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
142
For bipolar disorders, there exists a different set of biological factors and genetic corollaries that contribute to the disease:
- Increased _________________ and ______________ (monoamine theory)
- Higher risk if parent has bipolar disorder
- Higher risk for persons with multiple sclerosis
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
143
________________ is a type of dementia characterized by gradual memory loss, disorientation to time and place, problems with abstract thought, and tendency to misplace things.
Alzheimer's disease
144
Research shows that mutations in the _______________ genes on chromosome 1an d 14 contribute to having Alzheimer's disease.
Presenilin genes
145
Research shows that mutations in the ________________ gene on chromosome 19 can alter the likelihood of acquiring Alzheimer's disease.
Apolipoprotein E gene
146
The ____________________ gene on chromosome 21 is known to contribute to Alzheimer's disease, explaining the much higher risk of Alzheimer's in individuals with Down syndrome.
Beta-amyloid precursor protein gene
147
Biological markers in Alzheimer's disease:
- Diffuse atrophy in the brain on CT or MRI
- Flattened ___________ in the cerebral cortex
- Enlarged _________________
- Deficient blood flow in ___________ lobes, which is correlated with cognitive decline
- Reduction in levels of _____________
- Reduction in ___________________ (________), the enzyme that produces acetylcholine
- Reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal lobes
- Senile plagues of ___________ (a misfolded protein in beta-pleated sheet form)
- Neurofibrillary tangles of _____________________.
- Sulci
- Cerebral ventricles
- Parietal lobes
- Acetylcholine
- Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
- Beta-amyloid
- Hyperphosphorylated tau protein
148
__________________ is characterized by ______________ (slowness in movement), ________________ (a tremor that appears when muscles are not being used), ______________ (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the tomb back and forth, as if rolling something in the fingers), ______________ (static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, and a partially open mouth), _______________ (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb), and a ______________ with stooped posture.
- Bradykinesia (slowness in movement)
- Resting tremor
- Pill-rolling tremor
- Masklike facies
- Cogwheel rigidity
- Shuffling gait
149
The biological basis of Parkinson's disease is decreased dopamine production in the ________________, a layer of cells in the brain that functions to produce dopamine to permit proper functioning of the _______________.
- Substantial nigra
- Basal ganglia
150
____________, a precursor that is converted to dopamine once in the brain, replacing that which is lost due to Parkinson's disease.
1-DOPA
151
The connection between schizophrenia and psychosis (caused by an excess of ____________) and Parkinson's disease (caused by a deficit of _____________).
- Dopamine
