Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

_____________ is the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

_________________ can include rewards for showing a desired behaviour or avoiding punishment if the desired behaviour is not achieved.

Answer 2

Extrinsic motivation

Question 3

Motivation that comes within oneself is referred to as _________________.

Answer 3

Intrinsic motivation

Question 4

Early attempts to understand the basis of motivation focused on ______________, which are innate, fixed patterns of behaviour.

Answer 4

Instincts

Question 5

According to the _____________ of motivation, certain behaviours are based on evolutionarily programmed instincts.

Answer 5

Instinct theory

Question 6

Another factor that influences motivation is ____________, the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.

Answer 6

Arousal

Question 7

_____________ states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when its falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level.

Answer 7

Arousal theory

Question 8

The ________________ postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. It states that performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level.

Answer 8

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 9

___________ are defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviours focused on goals.

Answer 9

Drives

Question 10

________________, including the need for food, water and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.

Answer 10

Primary drives

Question 11

_______________ is the regulation of the internal envrionment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions.

Answer 11

Homeostasis

Question 12

Homeostasis is usually controlled by the ________________ loops.

Answer 12

Negative feedback

Question 13

Additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes are called ________________.

Answer 13

Secondary drives

Question 14

__________________ explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.

Answer 14

Drive reduction theory

Question 15

In need-based theories of motivation, energy and resources are allocated to best satisfy human needs. These needs may be ______________, which are generally physiological needs such as the need for food, water, sleep, and shelter.

Answer 15

Primary needs

Question 16

The needs might be _______________, which are generally mental states, like a desire for power, achievement, or social belonging.

Answer 16

Secondary needs

Question 17

Abraham Maslow defined __________ as relatively long-lasting feelings that require relief or satisfaction and tend to influence action.

Answer 17

Needs

Question 18

Abraham Maslow observed that certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation and he established what is referred to as ____________________.

Answer 18

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 19

The highest level of pyramid corresponds to _________________, or the need to realize one’s fullest potential.

Answer 19

Self-actualization

Question 20

Another need-based motivation theory is the ___________________ (_______), which emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas; competence, the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks; and relatedness, the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.

Answer 20

Self-determination theory (SDT)

Question 21

_______________ explains that behaviour is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.

Answer 21

Incentive theory

Question 22

___________________ states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which the individual values succeeding at the goal.

Answer 22

Expectancy-value theory

Question 23

A theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use is the _________________.

Answer 23

Opponent process theory

Question 24

___________________ explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology.

Answer 24

Opponent-process theory

Question 25

Opponent-process theory can also explain _______________, a decrease in perceived drug effect over time.

Answer 25

Tolerance

Question 26

____________ is a natural instinctive state of mind derived from one's circumstances, mood, for relationships with others.

Answer 26

Emotion

Question 27

When a feeling is first experienced, arousal is stimulated by the autonomic nervous system. The _________________ of an emotion includes changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure.

Answer 27

Physiological response

Question 28

The __________________ of an emotion includes facial expressions and body language.

Answer 28

Behaviour response

Question 29

The ________________ of emotion is the subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced.

Answer 29

The cognitive response

Question 30

In accordance with Darwin's thoughts on universal emotion, the __________________ states that everything we do, think, and feel is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encounter.

Answer 30

Evolutionary perspective

Question 31

According to the ___________________, a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled.

Answer 31

James-Lange theory of emotion

Question 32

The ____________________ states that the conscious experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, and then the behavioural component of emotion (i.e., action follows: I see a snake, so I feel afraid and my heart is racing... Let me out of here!

Answer 32

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Question 33

The Cannon-Bard theory fails two explain the _______________, a cranial nerve that functions as a feedback system, conveying information from the peripheral organs back to the central nervous system.

Answer 33

Vagus nerve

Question 34

The ______________________, also termed the __________________ or the __________________, which states that two factors (physiological arousal and a cognitive label) are needed to experience emotion.

Answer 34

- Schachter-Singer theory of emotion - Cognitive arousal theory - Two-factory theory

Question 35

According to the ____________________, physiological arousal alone is insufficient to elicit an emotional response. To feel an emotion, the mind must also identify the environmental stimulus causing the physiological arousal: I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy.

Answer 35

- Schachter-Singer theory of emotion - Cognitive arousal theory - Two-factor theory

Question 36

Experiencing emotion is a complex process involving many parts of the brain. The most notable of these circuits is the ________________, a complex sett of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus.

Answer 36

Limbic system

Question 37

The ______________ is made up of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex; it plays a large role in both motivation and emotion.

Answer 37

Limbic system

Question 38

The _____________ is a small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions.

Answer 38

Amygdala

Question 39

The ______________ is associated with fear and also plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expression.

Answer 39

Amygdala

Question 40

The ____________ functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.

Answer 40

Thalamus

Question 41

The _______________, located below the thalamus, synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. It serves many homeostatic functions, and is involved in modulating emotion.

Answer 41

Hypothalamus

Question 42

The ________________, within the temporal lobe, is primarily involved in creating long-term memories.

Answer 42

Hippocampus

Question 43

When an emotion is experienced, sensory systems transmit this information into both the explicit memory system, primarily controlled by the _______________ in the medial temporal lobe, and the implicit memory system, controlled by the ______________.

Answer 43

- Hippocampus - Amygdala

Question 44

The unconscious (implicit) memory is referred to as _______________; this is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event.

Answer 44

Emotional memory

Question 45

____________ memory of the emotion produces a conscious memory of the experience, and ___________ memory determines the expression of past emotions.

Answer 45

- Explicit memory - Implicit memory

Question 46

The ______________ is the anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions.

Answer 46

Prefrontal cortex

Question 47

The _______________ receives arousal input from the brainstem, coordinating arousal and cognitive states.

Answer 47

Prefrontal cortex

Question 48

The __________________ cortex is associated with attention and cognition.

Answer 48

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

Question 49

The ________________ cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.

Answer 49

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 50

The ___________________ cortex is thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Answer 50

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 51

__________________ is the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress.

Answer 51

Cognitive appraisal

Question 52

Stage 1, or ______________, is the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat.

Answer 52

Primary appraisal

Question 53

If primary appraisal reveals a threat, stage 2 appraisal begins. ________________ is directed at evaluating whether the organisms can cope with the stress.

Answer 53

Second appraisal

Question 54

The __________________ involves the evaluation of three things: harm, or damage caused by the event; threat, or the potential for future damage caused by the event; and challenge, or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event.

Answer 54

Secondary appraisal

Question 55

Some situations require ongoing monitoring of harm, threat, and challenge through constant _______________, such as the perception of being followed.

Answer 55

Reappraisal

Question 56

A _____________ is a biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response.

Answer 56

Stressor

Question 57

____________ occurs when a stressor is perceived as unpleasant (e.g., a threat).

Answer 57

Distress

Question 58

__________ is the result of a positively-perceived stressor (e.g., a challenge).

Answer 58

Eustress

Question 59

Stress level can be measured in "life changing units" in a system called the ________________________.

Answer 59

Social readjustment rating scale

Question 60

______________ conflict refers to the need to choose between two desirable options.

Answer 60

Approach-approach conflict

Question 61

_______________ conflicts are choices between two negative options.

Answer 61

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

Question 62

________________ conflicts deal with only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements.

Answer 62

Approach-avoidance conflicts

Question 63

While a job promotion might mean more money or status, it also comes with increased responsibility, potential for longer working hours, and increased pressure. This is an example of ________________ conflict.

Answer 63

Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 64

The sequence of physiological responses developed by Hans Selye is called the ____________________ and consists of three distinct stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Answer 64

General adaptation syndrome

Question 65

The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome is __________, or the initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 65

Alarm

Question 66

The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome is _____________, in which the continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor.

Answer 66

Resistance

Question 67

The last stage of the general adaptation syndrome is _____________, in which the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity.

Answer 67

Exhaustion

Question 68

________________ strategies involve working to overcome a stressor, such as reaching out to family and friends for social support, confronting the issue head-on, and creating and following a plan of problem-solving actions.

Answer 68

Problem-focused strategies

Question 69

__________________ strategies center on changing one's feelings about a stressor.

Answer 69

Emotionally focused strategies