Chapter 9: Social Interaction

Question 1

______________ are perceived positions in society that are used to classify individuals.

Answer 1

Social statuses

Question 2

There are 3 key types of statuses: ______________, _____________, and _____________ statuses.

Answer 2

• Ascribed
• Achieved
• Master

Question 3

An _______________ is one that is given involuntary (usually at birth), due to such factors as race, ethnicity, sex, and family background.

Answer 3

Ascribed status

Question 4

An _______________ is a status that is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices, such as being a doctor.

Answer 4

Achieved status

Question 5

A person can hold multiple statuses at the sometime (collectively known as one’s status set), but one’s _______________ is the status by which a person is most identified.

Answer 5

Master status

Question 6

This status is typically the most important status the individual holds and affects all aspects of that person’s life.

Answer 6

Master status

Question 7

Each status is associated with __________, or sets of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status.

Answer 7

Roles

Question 8

_________________ is the carrying out of behaviours associated with a given role.

Answer 8

Role performance

Question 9

Behaviours and expectations thus change as a result of the ________________ - the person with whom one is interacting.

Answer 9

Role partner

Question 10

The various roles associated with a status are referred to as a _____________.

Answer 10

Role set

Question 11

______________ is the difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles.

Answer 11

Role conflict

Question 12

____________ is the difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role.

Answer 12

Role strain

Question 13

_____________ is the dropping of one identity for another.

Answer 13

Role exit

Question 14

In sociological terms, a _________ (also known as a ______________) consists of two or more people who share any number of similar characteristics as well as a sense of unity.

Answer 14

• Group
• Social group

Question 15

The simplest of social groups is called a ________ (two people), followed by a _________ (three people).

Answer 15

• Dyad
• Triad

Question 16

Many sociologists see _______________ as the most important characteristic that strengthens a social group.

Answer 16

Social interaction

Question 17

An ____________ is a social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or identifies as a member.

Answer 17

In-group

Question 18

An ____________ refers to a social group with which an individual does not identify.

Answer 18

Out-group

Question 19

Out-group can sometimes compete with or oppose in-groups, creating _____________.

Answer 19

Group conflict

Question 20

A ______________ is a group that consists of self-selected equals associated by similar interests, ages, or statuses.

Answer 20

Peer group

Question 21

A ______________, by contrast to peer group, is not self-selected but determined by birth, adoption, and marriage.

Answer 21

Family group

Question 22

_______________ are groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves.

Answer 22

Reference group

Question 23

In a _____________, interactions between members of the group are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members.

Answer 23

Primary group

Question 24

In a ______________, interactions between members of the group are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members.

Answer 24

Primary group

Question 25

In a _______________, the interactions are impersonal and businesslike, with few emotional bonds and with the goal of accomplishing a specific purpose.

Answer 25

Secondary group

Question 26

The German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnie's theory is known as _______________________, which translates to community and society.

Answer 26

Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft

Question 27

_______________ (community) refers to groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography.

Answer 27

Gemeinschaft

Question 28

_______________ (society) refers to less personal groups that are formed out of mutual self-interests working together toward the same goal.

Answer 28

Gesellschaft

Question 29

___________________ is a technique for observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups.

Answer 29

Interaction process analysis

Question 30

In the 1970s, the interaction process analysis technique was revised to the ____________________________ (___________), which is based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs. submission, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, and instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.

Answer 30

System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)

Question 31

Extensive research on groups has revealed that a group holds power over its members, creating group pressure that can ultimately shape members' behaviours. This is called ________________; individuals are compliant with the group's goals, even when the group's goals may be in direct contrast to the individual's goal.

Answer 31

Group conformity

Question 32

_____________ is related to group conformity and occurs when members focus on reaching a consensus at the cost of critical evaluation of relevant information.

Answer 32

Groupthink

Question 33

The term ____________ is used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups.

Answer 33

Network

Question 34

Within a network map, if there are overlapping connections with the same individual, it is referred to as __________________.

Answer 34

Network redundancy

Question 35

_________________ are dense with strong ties, and may be composed of friends.

Answer 35

Immediate networks

Question 36

_________________ are looser and contain weaker ties, and may include acquaintances.

Answer 36

Distant networks

Question 37

In sociology, ________________ are complex secondary groups that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and culture.

Answer 37

Organizations

Question 38

The modern __________________ developed during the Industrial Revolution as a way to maximize efficiency.

Answer 38

Formal organization

Question 39

The basic organization of society is found in its ___________________.

Answer 39

Characteristic institution

Question 40

In modern times, as we have transformed our cities into urban centres of trade and commerce, we have moved to ________________ as the characteristic institution.

Answer 40

Bureaucracy

Question 41

A _______________ is a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control.

Answer 41

Bureaucracy

Question 42

The ____________________ states that democratic for bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group.

Answer 42

Iron law of oligarchy

Question 43

_______________ is commonly used to refer to a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societal practices.

Answer 43

McDonaldization

Question 44

One form of impression management is _________________, the process of displaying ourselves to society both visually (through clothing, grooming, etc.) and through our actions, often to make sure others see us in the best possible light.

Answer 44

Self-presentation

Question 45

The ______________________ was first established by Charles Darwin. He stated that emotional expression involves a number of components: facial expressions, behaviours, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes.

Answer 45

Basic model of emotional expression

Question 46

The ________________ accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experiences, but that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression.

Answer 46

Appraisal model

Question 47

The ____________________ assumes that there is no biological basis for emotions. Instead, emotions are based on experiences and the situational context alone.

Answer 47

Social construction model

Question 48

In the ___________________ model, one must be familiar with social norms for a certain emotion to perform the corresponding emotional behaviours in a given social situation.

Answer 48

Social construction model

Question 49

Cultural expectations of emotions are often referred to as _______________.

Answer 49

Display rules

Question 50

_______________ govern which emotions can be expressed and to what degree.

Answer 50

Display rules

Question 51

A ________________ is a shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviours among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme.

Answer 51

Cultural syndrome

Question 52

___________________ refers to our attempts to influence how others perceive us. This is done by regulating or controlling information we present about ourselves in social interactions.

Answer 52

Impression management

Question 53

When describing impression management, theorists describe three "selves": the ________________, the _______________, and the ________________.

Answer 53

- Authentic self - Ideal self - Tactical self

Question 54

The ______________ describes who the person actually is, including both positive and negative attributes.

Answer 54

Authentic self

Question 55

The ______________ refers to who we would like to be under optimal circumstances.

Answer 55

Ideal self

Question 56

The _______________ refers to who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others' expectations of us.

Answer 56

Tactical self

Question 57

Impression management strategies: ________________: giving information about oneself to establish an identity.

Answer 57

Self-disclosure

Question 58

Impression management strategies: _________________: using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image.

Answer 58

Managing appearances

Question 59

Impression management strategies: ______________: using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over.

Answer 59

Ingratiation

Question 60

Impression management strategies: _______________: making questionable behaviour acceptable through excuses.

Answer 60

Aligning actions

Question 61

Impression management strategies: _______________: imposing an identity onto another person.

Answer 61

Alter-casting

Question 62

Erving Goffman described impression management through the _____________________, using the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations.

Answer 62

Dramaturgical approach

Question 63

Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach: A person's _________________ is the persona they present to an audience.

Answer 63

Front stage self

Question 64

Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach: A person's _________________ is the persona adopted when not in a social situation and there is no concern about upholding the performance of a desired public image.

Answer 64

Back stage self

Question 65

George Herbert Mead described the self in two parts called the _______ and the _____.

Answer 65

- Me - I

Question 66

The part of self that is developed through interaction with society is the ________.

Answer 66

Me

Question 67

The development of the Me comes from considering the ___________________, which is based on a person's established perceptions of the expectations of society.

Answer 67

Generalized other

Question 68

The _____ is the individual's own impulses, according to George Herbert Mead.

Answer 68

I

Question 69

A person's impulses are shaped by their interpretation of society's expectations. In short, the ________ shapes the ______.

Answer 69

- Me - I

Question 70

_______________ is the ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals, or behaviour.

Answer 70

Communication

Question 71

________________ is the transmission of information via the use of words, whether spoken, written, or signed.

Answer 71

Verbal communication

Question 72

_________________ refers to how people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words.

Answer 72

Nonverbal communication

Question 73

Examples of __________________ are facial expressions, tone of voice, body position and movement, touches, and eye positioning.

Answer 73

Nonverbal communication

Question 74

_____________ communication: - Spoken language - Written language - Sign languages - Tactile languages

Answer 74

Verbal

Question 75

_____________ communication: - Facial expressions - Body language (posture) - Gestures - Tone of voice (prosody) - Eye contact - Amount of personal space

Answer 75

Nonverbal

Question 76

____________________ is defined as any behaviour of one animal that affects the behaviour of another.

Answer 76

Animal communication

Question 77

Communications between humans and animals is not confined strictly to pets. One of the most famous examples of animal communication is _________, a gorilla who was able to communicate with humans through the use of American Sign Language.

Answer 77

Koko