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Physiology II > Chapter 10 - Vascular Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Vascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What organ has consistent blood flow

A

The brain

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2
Q

Top three organs supplied blood at rest (other than brain)

A

-digestive system
-kidneys
-skin

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3
Q

Cardiac output calculations

A

Stroke volume x heart rate (b/min)

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4
Q

Blood flow depends on

A

Pressure and resistance

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5
Q

Flow rate calculations

A

F = (change in) P / R

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6
Q

What does F stand for

A

Flow rate

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7
Q

What is flow rate?

A

Volume of blood passing thru vessels

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8
Q

What does (change in) P

A

Pressure gradient (difference in pressure)

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9
Q

what does R stand for

A

Resistance of blood vessels

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10
Q

What is the pressure gradient

A

Difference between the beginning and end of a vessel

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11
Q

Blood flows from area of

A

High pressure to low pressure

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12
Q

What is resistance

A

The measure of opposition of blood flow thru a vessel

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13
Q

Resistance depends on

A

-blood viscosity
-vessel length
-vessel radius

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14
Q

High blood viscosity equals

A

High resistance

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15
Q

Higher length of blood vessels equals

A

High resistance

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16
Q

Larger vessel radius equals

A

Lower resistance

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17
Q

Greater the friction the

A

Greater the viscosity

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18
Q

Blood viscosity is determined by

A

Number of RBC

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19
Q

R is proportional to

A

1/r^4

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20
Q

How would i solve for (change in) pressure

A

F x R

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21
Q

Two functions of arteries

A

-rapid transit with little resistance
-pressure reservoir

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22
Q

Arterial connective tissue

A

-collagen
-elastin

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23
Q

Function of collagen fibres in arteries

A

Provide tensile strength

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24
Q

Elastin fibres function in arteries

A

Provide elasticity
-stretch
-recoil

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25
Q

Function of pressure reservoirs

A

Allows blood flow to be continuous during diastole

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26
Q

pressure reservoirs function during systole

A

Storage as arteries stretch

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27
Q

Function of pressure reservoirs during diastole

A

Keeps pressure to drive the blood even without the active pump of the heart

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28
Q

Systole vs diastole

A

Systole- heart contracting and emptying
Diastole -heart relaxation and filling

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29
Q

What is pulse

A

Stretch of arteries

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30
Q

Blood pressure definition

A

Force exerted by blood against a vessel wall

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31
Q

Blood pressure depends on

A

-volume of blood
-compliance of vessel walls

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32
Q

compliance means

A

How stretchable

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33
Q

Higher compliance means

A

Higher ability to stretch

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34
Q

Systolic blood pressure (definition and number)

A

Peak pressure exerted during cardiac systole
-120 mm Hg

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35
Q

Diastolic pressure (definition and number)

A

Minimum pressure in arteries when blood is draining off into vessels downstream
-80 mm Hg

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36
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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37
Q

How to calculate pulse pressure

A

Systolic minus diastolic
(120-80 = 40)

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38
Q

Mean arterial pressure is the

A

Average pressure of driving blood forward

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39
Q

How to calculate the mean arterial pressure

A

Diastolic pressure + (1/3)pulse pressure

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40
Q

(Change in) pressure is equal to

A

Mean arterial pressure

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41
Q

Arterials are the

A

Major resistance vessels

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42
Q

Increase in myogenic activity

A

Vasoconstriction

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43
Q

Increase in oxygen is

A

Vasoconstriction

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44
Q

Decrease in sympathetic stimulation

A

Vasodilation

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45
Q

Heat is

A

Vasodilation

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46
Q

Decrease in myogenic activity

A

Vasodilation

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47
Q

Increase in nitric oxide

A

Vasodilation

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48
Q

Decrease in carbon dioxide

A

Vasoconstriction

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49
Q

increase in sympathetic stimulation

A

Vasoconstriction

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50
Q

Increase of carbon dioxide

A

Vasodilation

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51
Q

Histamine release

A

Vasodilation

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52
Q

Cold is

A

Vasoconstriction

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53
Q

Increase in endothelin

A

Vasoconstriction

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54
Q

Increase of resistance by vasoconstriction equals

A

Flow to decreases

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55
Q

Decrease resistance by vasodilation equals

A

Increased flow

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56
Q

When excercing where does blood flow go

A

Mainly skeletal muscles
-also skin

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57
Q

How is organ blood flow adjusted

A

-intrinsic factors
-extrinsic factors

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58
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

-local chemical influences
-physical influences

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59
Q

Chemical influences

A

-histamine release

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60
Q

Physical influences

A

-heat or cold
-myogenic response

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61
Q

Hyperaemia

A

Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle when body is excess icing or active

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62
Q

Local chemical factors that produce relaxation

A

-decreased O2
-increased CO2
-increased acid (lower pH)
-increased K+

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63
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Causes relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle
-NO is important in controlling blood flow

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64
Q

Extrinsic factors/control

A

Accomplished by sympathetic nerve influence

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65
Q

TPR is

A

Total peripheral resistance
-all the resistance in the body (mostly the arterials)

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66
Q

Norepinephrine influences

A

Smooth muscle

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67
Q

What is the parasympathetic on arterioles

A

There is NO parasympathetic innervation

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68
Q

Sympathetic nerve endings release

A

NE

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69
Q

Where is the cardiovascular control centre

A

Medulla of brain stem

70
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular control centre

A

Blood pressure regulation

71
Q

Higher NE release causes

A

Higher restriction of vessels

72
Q

What are the hormones that influence arteriolar radius

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

73
Q

Alpha 1 (hormone release and effect on smooth muscle)

A

-norepinephrine from sympathetic fibres
-causes vasoconstriction

74
Q

Beta 2 (hormone release and effect on smooth muscle)

A

-epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
-vasodilation

75
Q

Blood viscosity

A

No change generally, but does effect the TPR

76
Q

What are the two major effectors on arteriolar radius

A

Local intrinsic control and extrinsic control

77
Q

What effects local controls

A

Local metabolic changes in 02 and other metabolites

78
Q

What effects extrinsic control

A

Sympathetic activity

79
Q

Capillaries functions

A

Exchange of materials

80
Q

The velocity of blood flow though capillaries is

A

Relatively slow

81
Q

Why is the speed of blood flow so slow in capillaries

A

To give time for exchange

82
Q

What in capillaries permits the passage of water soluble substances?

A

Narrow, water filled gaps (pores) found at junctions between cells

83
Q

______ ________ substances readily pass through endothelial cells in capillaries

A

Lipid soluble

84
Q

How are proteins transported in capillaries

A

By vesicular transport t

85
Q

Continous endothelium capillary

A

Small gap/tight junctions
-skin, muscle, bbb

86
Q

Fernestrated capillaries

A

Larger gaps for filteration
-kidneys, tissues, intestines

87
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A

Largest gaps as it produces a lot of proteins
-incomplete basement membrane
-liver, bone marrow and lymphoid

88
Q

Capillaries: plasma proteins

A

Generally cannot cross the capillary wall

89
Q

Capillaries: CO2 and O2

A

Gases can pass through very easily

90
Q

Capillaries: lipid soluble

A

Pass through the endothelial cells

91
Q

Capillaries: water soluble (small)

A

Pass through pores

92
Q

Capillaries: proteins

A

Moved across by vesicular transport

93
Q

The capillary wall is

A

Semipermeable

94
Q

Active hyperaemia

A

Dilation due to exercise

95
Q

Two types of passive exchanges

A

diffusion and bulk flow

96
Q

Diffusion moves across

A

Concentration gradients

97
Q

Passive diffusion

A

-no energy spent
-concentration gradient
-no plasma proteins

98
Q

Passive exchanges do not take

A

-do not take ATP

99
Q

Bulk flow

A

Fluid exchange between outside and inside
-distributes ECF

100
Q

Bulk force is influence by

A

Startling forces

101
Q

Startling forces

A

-capillary blood pressure
-plasma colloid osmotic pressure

102
Q

Capillary blood pressure (hydrostatic)

A

Force of the fluid on the inside (exerted against a wall)
-pressure forcing outwards

103
Q

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

A

Due to plasma proteins
-pushing inwards
-drawing fluid in

104
Q

Capillary blood pressure _____’s plasma colloid osmotic pressure

A

Opposes

105
Q

Bulk flow is dependent on the difference between

A

-net hydrostatic pressure
-net colloid osmotic pressure

106
Q

Net pressure of hydrostatic pressure _____ along length of capillary

A

Decreases

107
Q

What creates colloid osmotic pressure

A

Plasma proteins

108
Q

Which bulk flow maneuver is low vs very low

A

-Hydrostatic is very low
-colloid osmotic pressure is very very low

109
Q

Ultra filtration takes place during

A

Higher hydrostatic pressure and lower osmotic pressure

110
Q

Reabsorption takes place during

A

Lower hydrostatic pressure and higher osmotic pressure

111
Q

Function of bulk flow

A

Regulates distribution of ECF
-keeps plasma volume constant e

112
Q

Inward pressure remains

A

Constant

113
Q

Outward pressure _____ along capillary length

A

Decreases

114
Q

If BP falls fluid does what

A

Moves into plasma

115
Q

If BP rises what does fluid do?

A

Moves into interstitial space
-edema or swelling

116
Q

Blood flow filters and reabsorbed

A

20L filtered
17L reabsorbed

117
Q

What happens to 3 L during bulk flow?

A

Lymph

118
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Fluid returned from interstitial to the blood

119
Q

Lymph

A

Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel

120
Q

Lymph vessels

A

One way valves, eventually empty into venous system

121
Q

Filteration takes place where in the lymph system

A

Lymph node

122
Q

Functions of lymph system

A

-return lymph
-defence against disease
-transport absorbed fat
-return proteins

123
Q

Veins serve as a

A

Blood reservoir
-store a lot of the blood

124
Q

Increased venous return results in

A

Increased end diastolic volume, increased stroke volume
-increased cardiac output

125
Q

Frank startling law

A

The more stretch allows more return of blood

126
Q

How is venous return increased

A

-Increased sympathies vasoconstrictor activity
-increased skeletal muscle pump
-valves

127
Q

What happens if stroke volume increases

A

End systolic volume decreases

128
Q

What happens if end diastolic volume increases

A

-stroke volume increases
-end systolic volume decreases

129
Q

How does venous return increase with increased skeletal muscle?

A

-since venous pass between muscles, veins are squeezed and sent back quicker

Eg- workout inc venous return

130
Q

Why is blood pressure regulated

A

-ensure edequate blood flow thru capillaries

131
Q

Blood viscosity is determined by

A

Number of RBC (which should not change)

132
Q

Baroreceptors function

A

Detect stretch in arteries

133
Q

Baroreceptors: inc pressure will ____ AP sent to brain

A

Increase

134
Q

Action potential is measured through frequency or size of action potential?

A

Frequency

135
Q

Two types of Baroreceptors

A

-carotid sinus
-aortic arch

136
Q

Increased Baroreceptor equals

A

Increased frequency of AP

137
Q

Decreased baroreceptor equals

A

Less frequent

138
Q

Action potential increases when

A

MAP increases

139
Q

Action potential decreases when

A

MAP decreases

140
Q

The autonomic nervous system effects what two things

A

Heart function and blood vessel diameter

141
Q

Parasympathetic impact on cardiovascular system

A

-only impacts the heart

142
Q

Sympathetic impact on cardiovascular disease

A

On both vessels and heart

143
Q

Parasympathetic releases ____ to impact the atria

A

-acetylcholine

144
Q

What does parasympathetic do to the atria/ heart rate

A

Decreases

145
Q

Sympathetic nerves release ____ into the atria and ventricles

A

Norepinephrine

146
Q

What does sympathetic do to the atria?

A

Increase heart rate

147
Q

What does sympathize do to ventricles

A

More force, higher cardiac output
-increased FOC (force of contraction)

148
Q

Increased FOC leads to

A

Increased stroke volume

149
Q

Less sympathies/ less NE input would equal what in artery

A

Dilated

150
Q

More sympathic and NE input does what to vessels

A

Constricts the vessels

151
Q

Barorecrpots in the ____ sinus and ______ ____ monitor blood pressure

A

-carotid
-aortic arch

152
Q

Action potentials are conducted by what two nerves?

A

-glossopharyngeal
-vagus

153
Q

Cardioregulatory and vasomotor cetners are found in the

A

Medulla oblong at a

154
Q

Decreased parasympathetic increases….

A

Heart rate

155
Q

Increased sympathic stimulation increases what

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

156
Q

Increased sympathic stimulation of blood vessels does what

A

Increases vasoconstriction

157
Q

Everything parasympathetic stimulation does

A

Dec: HR, CO, BPe

158
Q

Everything sympathic stimulation does

A

Inc: HR, contractile strength of heart, SV, CO, BP
Inc: vasoconstriction, TPR
Inc: venous return, CO

159
Q

Increased BP signals the

A

Parasympathetic activity

160
Q

Decreased BP causes

A

Increased sympathic activity

161
Q

Blood volume is impacted by

A

-passive bulk flow
-salt and water balance

162
Q

Venous return is impacted by

A

-blood volume
-skeletal muscle activity
-sympathetic activity and epinephrine
-cardiac suction effect

163
Q

Heart rate is impacted by

A

-patasympathic
-sympathic activity and epinephrine

164
Q

Stroke volume is impacted by

A

-sympathic activity and epinephrine
-venous return

165
Q

Cardiac output is impacted by

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

166
Q

Arteriolar radius is impacted by

A

-local metabolic control
-extrinsic vasoconstrictor control

167
Q

Blood viscosity is impacted by

A

Number of RBC

168
Q

Total peripheral resistance is impacted by

A

-arteriolar radius
-blood viscosity

169
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure is impacted by

A

-cardiac output
-total peripheral resistance

170
Q

Baroreceptor reflex is primarily a

A

Short term regulator
-occurs within second

171
Q

If pressure deviates fro more than a few days

A

There is a new set point

172
Q

Long term regulation of BP is done mainly by

A

Blood volume

Physiology II (12 decks)

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