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Physiology II > Chapter 11 - The Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

-transport
-defence
-hemostasis

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2
Q

Body fluid is split into

A

-ICF
-ECF

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3
Q

ECF is split into

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

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4
Q

Blood represents what percentage of body weight

A

8%

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5
Q

Blood is thicker than

A

Water

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6
Q

Blood is suspended in

A

Plasma

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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8
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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9
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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10
Q

Percentage of plasma in whole blood

A

55%

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11
Q

Percentage of erythrocytes of whole blood

A

45%

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12
Q

Percentage of Buffy coat in whole blood

A

<1%

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13
Q

What is the Buffy coat made up of

A

Platelets, leukocytes

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14
Q

Haematocrit

A

Packed cell volume of mostly RBC

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15
Q

Who has higher hematocrit m or w?

A

Men do

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16
Q

What percentage of water and proteins

A

92% and 7%

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17
Q

Plasma proteins remain in

A

The blood

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18
Q

Where are plasma proteins made

A

In the liver

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19
Q

Three major groups of plasma proteins

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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20
Q

Albumin

A

Most prevalent
-bind many substances

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21
Q

Globulins

A

-alpha, beta and gamma
-inactive before regulatory inputs

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22
Q

A and b globulins

A

Transport (like iron)
-blood clotting proteins (since the human body is constantly bleeding)

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23
Q

G=

A

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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24
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Forms fibrin, which is essential to blood clotting

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25
Q

Activated fibrinogen looks like what

A

Mesh work

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26
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-transport O2
-thin, biconcave disks
-very flexible

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27
Q

Why is the shape of erythrocytes important

A

The biconcave disk creates a large surface area to volume ratio

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28
Q

Why are erythrocyte sso flexible

A

So that they can squeeze trough vessels by stretching

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29
Q

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?

A

No they do not
-they also do not have any other organelles
-cannot make proteins

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30
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Binds oxygen to carbon dioxide
-pigment containing iron
-found only in erythrocytes

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31
Q

Pigment in hemoglobin appears red/blue when?

A

Red- oxygenated
Blue- deoxygenated

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32
Q

Hemoglobin consists of two parts

A

Globin portion and heme groups

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33
Q

Globin portion

A

Proteins composed of four highly folded polypeptide chains

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34
Q

Heme groups

A

Four iron groups per Hb molecule
-each is bound to one of the polypeptide
-what gives hemoglobin the capability to store O2

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35
Q

Hemoglobin’s primary role is to carry

A

O2

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36
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Erythrocytes production
-occurs in red bone marrow

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37
Q

Site of red blood cell production depends on age (intrauterine/childhood/adulthood)

A

-first by yolk sac, eventually in bone marrow when developed

-most bones have red bone marrrow

-sternum, ribs, upper ends of long bones

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38
Q

Pluripotential stem cell

A

Can be any type of blood cell

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39
Q

Erythroid cells

A

Committed stem cells
-come from pluripotential stem cells

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40
Q

Normoblast comes from

A

erythoid cells

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41
Q

Reticulocyte comes from

A

Normoblast

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42
Q

Reticulocyte turns into

A

Erythrocyte

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43
Q

How is erythropoiesis controlled?

A

Ultimately by negative feedback
-kidneys detect reduced O2 capability in blood
-kidneys secrete erythropoetin hormone into blood

-Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis
-increased capability now relieves initial stimuli’s

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44
Q

ABO blood types are named for

A

The prescience of antigens on surfaces of erythrocytes

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45
Q

A blood contains

A

A antigens

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46
Q

B blood contains

A

B antigens

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47
Q

AB blood has both

A

A and B antigens

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48
Q

O blood has neither

A

A nor B antigens

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49
Q

An antibody binds with the _____ _____ against which it is produced

A

Specific antigen

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50
Q

Type A has what antibodies

A

Anti-B

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51
Q

type B has what type of antibodies

A

Anti A antibodies

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52
Q

Type AB has what type of antibodies

A

No antibodies

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53
Q

Type O has what type of antibodies

A

Both anti A and anti B antibodies

54
Q

What blood type is universal donor?

A

O blood type
-as it can only receive O, but can BE RECIEVED by any other type

55
Q

What is the universal recipinat

A

AB blood type

56
Q

B blood type can only receive

A

B + O

57
Q

A blood type can only receive

A

A + O

58
Q

High Hb may cause

A

Kidney failure
-due to incompatibility

59
Q

People who have the Rh factor have

A

Rh + blood

60
Q

People lacking the Rh factor are

A

Rh -

61
Q

Anti-Rh antibodies are produced only by

A

Rh negative people if exposed to Rh positive

62
Q

HDN or erythroblastosis fetalis/hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

Happens in subsequent pregnancies
-Rh negative mother develops antibodies against the erythrocytes of a Rh-positive fetus

63
Q

How do you prevent HDN

A

Rh immunoglobibn around 28 weeks

64
Q

What does Rh immunoglobulin

A

Prevents response against positive Rh

65
Q

Spleen function

A

Filters and removes old erythrocytes

66
Q

Iron is recycled why?

A

For the synthesis of new hemoglobin

67
Q

Spleen macrophages

A

Filters blood by phagocytosis

68
Q

Hemoglobin is broken down (iron removed) and converted into

A

Bilirubin

69
Q

Bilirubin

A

Comes from breakdown of hemoglobin
-yellow colour
-free or stuck
-excreted (urine or feces)

70
Q

Anaemia

A

Reduction in O2 carrying capacity

71
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency
-which is important for action of folic acid
-lack of intrinsic factor from stomach lining

72
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

Insufficient RBC production
-destruction of bone marrow

73
Q

Hemolytic anaemia

A

Rupture of RBC
-from infections or sickle cell disease

74
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

-genetic disease
-RBC are very stiff and cannot move, get clogged up in vessels

75
Q

Polycythaemia

A

Increased RBC creation and moving O2 capability
-primary or secondary

76
Q

Primary polycythaemia

A

Erythyropoiesis at excessive and uncontrolled rate
-viscosity of blood increases

77
Q

Secondary polycythaemia

A

Adaptive mechanisms that reduces O2 (intentional)
-high altitude
-chronic lung disease or heart failure

78
Q

Leukocytes

A

-mobile units of body’s immune defence system
-defend against invading pathogens

79
Q

Five different types of circulating leukocytes

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-monocytes
-lymphocytes

80
Q

Leukocytes are produced in

A

Red bone marrow, lymph nodes and tonsils

81
Q

Pluripotential stem cells split into what two cells

A

-myeloid cells
-lymphoid cells

82
Q

Myeloid cells split into

A

Granulocytes and monocytes

83
Q

Lymphoid cells split into

A

-B and T lymphocytes

84
Q

Leukocytes are characterized by appearance of

A

Nuclei and granules

85
Q

Granulocytes are

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
Cytoplasmic granules

86
Q

Agranulocytes

A

-monocytes
-lymphocytes
No cytoplasmic granules

87
Q

What are the highest concentration of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

88
Q

Least amount of leukocytes?

A

Basophils

89
Q

Granulocytes and monocytes are produced in

A

Bone marrow

90
Q

New lymphocytes are formed in

A

Lymphoid tissue

91
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Impacts the amount of WBC entering the stream

92
Q

Leukopoiesis is triggered by

A

-chemical messages from damaged/invaded tissues
-colony stimulating factors

93
Q

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

A

(An example of a colony sitmulating factor)
-a drug that boosts WBC
-increased replication of granulocytes

94
Q

Neutrophils

A

-destroy bacteria by phagocytosis

-first defenders
-inflammatory responses
-scavenge to clean up debris

95
Q

Eosinophils

A

Increase in circulating eosinophils
-allergic conditions and internal parasite infestations

96
Q

Basophils

A

-least numerous and most poorly understood
-synthesizes and stores: histamine, heparin

97
Q

Histamine

A

Release is important in allergic reactions

98
Q

Heparin

A

Anti clotting agent of blood samples drawn for chemical analysis
-inhibits coagulation

99
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytiic
-become macrophages
-usually wait just in case for the body

100
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells (specifically programmed)

101
Q

B lympocytes

A

-produce antibodies

102
Q

T lymphocytes

A

-do not produce antibodies
-destroy specific target cells by releasing chemicals

103
Q

Where do T lymphocytes reside

A

Resides in the thymus
-bone marrow to thymus where they mature)

104
Q

Platelets come from

A

Magakaryocytes

105
Q

Platelets do not leave

A

Blood
-released when needed

106
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

A liver hormone that increases number of megakaryocytes

107
Q

Platelets cellular composition

A

-no nuclei
-some organelles and enzymes
-have granules

108
Q

Platelets granules contain

A

Secretory products
-ADP
-serotonin
-epinephrine

109
Q

Haemostasis

A

The stoppage of bleeding from broken blood vessels
-vascular spasm
-formation of platelet plug
-blood coagulation

110
Q

A vascular spasm

A

-results from damage to the blood vessel
-maintains BP
-endothelial layer becomes sticky to aid in clotting process

111
Q

Formation of a platelet plug

A

Activated by exposed collagen in damaged wall of the vessel

112
Q

Platelets are activated by

A

Exposed collagen at site of injury

113
Q

Activated platelets release

A

ADP and thromboxane A2

114
Q

Chemical messengers work together to

A

Activate other platelets passing by

115
Q

Newly activated platelets do what onto growing platelet plug?

A

-aggregate onto
-release even more platelet attracting chemicals

116
Q

Normal/uninsured endothelium releases

A

Prostacyclin and nitric oxide
-inhibiting platelet aggregation so the plug is confined to site of injury

117
Q

Clotting equals

A

Coagulation

118
Q

Blood is converted into a solid bell called a

A

Thrombus

119
Q

Clotting factors are always present in blood plasma in

A

inactive precursor form

120
Q

How many plasma proteins are there in the clotting cascade

A

12

121
Q

Where are the 12 plasma proteins produced

A

In the liver

122
Q

The clotting cascade simply is conversion of

A

Fibrinogen into a stabilized fibrin mesh

123
Q

The clotting cascade is triggered by

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

124
Q

Fibrinogen converts to fibrin by

A

Thrombin

125
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

Exists in plasma
-a damaged vessel surface or foreign surface activates factor XII into HAGEMAN factor

126
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Outside of blood
-tissue thromboplastin released from traumatized tissue directly activates factor X

127
Q

Thrombin activates what factor?

A

Factor 1 (fibrinogen) turning into fibrin

128
Q

Clot retraction

A

Contraction of platelets shrinks fibrin mesh
-squeezes fluid from the clot

129
Q

Clot dissolution

A

Enzyme plasmin dissolves the clot

130
Q

Plasminogen converts to

A

Plasmin

Physiology II (12 decks)

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