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Physiology II > Chapter 16 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Four major functions of digestive system

A

Motility
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption

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2
Q

Motility

A

Muscular activity, mix and move

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3
Q

Propulsive motility vs mixing motility

A

Propulsive: push contents forward thru digestive tract

Mixing: mixing food with digestive juices, absorption

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4
Q

Digestive secretions

A

Consist of water, electrolytes and specific organic constituents
-released into GI lumen with appropriate neural/hormonal stimulation
-usually reabsorbed into blood after participation

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5
Q

Digestion

A

-biochemical breakdown into smaller absorbable units
-digestive enzymes

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6
Q

Carbohydrates into

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

Proteins into

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

Fats

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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9
Q

Only ___ are absorbed by the intestinal cells for use in the body

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

Disaccharides and polysaccharides must be

A

Digested to monosaccharides before they can be absorbed for use in the body

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11
Q

2 monosaccharides linked together =

A

Double sugar or disaccharide

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12
Q

Many sugar linked together =

A

Polysaccharide

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13
Q

Maltose hydrolysis into

A

Glucose and glucose

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14
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

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15
Q

Disaccharides example

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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16
Q

Monosaccharides example

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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17
Q

What examples are composed of glucose

A

Start, cellulose, glycogen

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18
Q

Glucose fructose makes up

A

Sucrose

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19
Q

Glucose galactose makes up

A

Lactose

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20
Q

Glucose glucose makes up

A

Maltose

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21
Q

Proteins are broken down to

A

Peptide fragments

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22
Q

Peptide fragments are further digested to

A

Free amino acids

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23
Q

Free amino acids —->

A

Enter epithelial cells

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24
Q

Short chains of two or three amino acids can be absorbed (true or false)

A

True

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25
Q

Dietary fats are

A

Triglycerides

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26
Q

Digestion produces 2 _____ ____ _____ and _______

A

2 free fatty acids, monoglyceride

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27
Q

Absorption

A

Smaller units resulting rom digestion along with water
-vitamins, electrolytes
-transferred from GI to blood or lymph

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28
Q

Mouth and salivary glands (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)

A

-chewing
-saliva (amylase, mucus, lysozyme)
-carbohydrate on digestion begins
-medications such as nitroglycerin

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29
Q

Pharynx and oesophagus (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)

A

-swallowing
-mucus
-no digestion
-no absorption

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30
Q

Stomach (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)

A

-peristalsis
-gastric juice
-carbohydrate, protein
-lipid solvable substances (alcohol and aspirin)

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31
Q

Gastric juice

A

HCl, pepsin, mucus, intrinsic factor

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32
Q

saliva

A

Amylase, mucus, lysozyme

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33
Q

Exocrine pancreas

A

-no motility
-pancreatic digestive enzymes
-various digestion in duodenal lumen
-no absorption

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34
Q

Liver (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)

A

-no motility
-bile
-bile salts facilitate fat digestion and absorption
-no absorption

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35
Q

Small intestine (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)

A

-segmentation, migrating motility complex
-succus entericus, mucus, salt
-carbohydrate and protein, fat 100%
-all nutrients most electrolytes and water

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36
Q

Large intestine (motility, secretion, digestion, absorption)

A

-haustral contractions, mass movements
-mucus
-no digestion
-salt and water, convert to feces

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37
Q

Pancreatic digestive enzymes

A

-tripsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
-amylase
-lipase

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38
Q

Bile

A

-bile salts
-alkaline secretion
-bilirubin

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39
Q

Parts of small intestine

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

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40
Q

Large intestine

A

-cecum
-appendix
-colon
-rectum

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41
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

-salivary glands
-exocrine pancreas
-liver/gallbladder

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42
Q

Digestive tract

A

Mouth, throat, oersophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus

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43
Q

Biliary system

A

Gallbladder, liver

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44
Q

Four major tissue layers

A

-mucous
-submucosa
-muscularis externa
-serosa

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45
Q

Innermost tissue layer

A

Mucosa

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46
Q

Outer layer

A

Serosa

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47
Q

Mucosa

A

Lines luminal surface
-highly folded surface (more SA)

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48
Q

three layers of mucosa

A

-mucous membrane
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosa

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49
Q

Mucous membrane

A

-protective surface
-secretion and absorption

Contains: exocrine, endocrine, epithelial

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50
Q

Exocrine gland cells

A

Secrete digestive juices

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51
Q

Endocrine gland cells

A

Secrete blood borne gastrointestinal hormones

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52
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Specialized for absorbing digestive nutrients

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53
Q

Lamina propria

A

Houses gut associated lymphoid tissue
-important in defence against disease causing intestinal bacteria

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54
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

Spare layer of smooth muscle

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55
Q

Submucosa

A

-thick layer
-provides GI tract with distensibility and elasticity
-larger blood and lymph vessels

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56
Q

Nerve network in submucosa

A

Submucosa plexus

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57
Q

Muscularis externa

A

-major smooth muscle coat
-circular and longitudinal later

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58
Q

Circular layer

A

Inner layer
-contraction decreases diameter of lumen

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59
Q

Longitudinal layer

A

Outer layer
-contraction shortens the tube

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60
Q

Interstitial cells of cajal

A

-cells between the two muscle layers
-origin of rhythmic electrical activity

Basic electrical rhythm

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61
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

-lies between the two muscles layers
-extensive network of nerve cells

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62
Q

What are the intrinsic nerve plexuses (2)

A

-myenteric plexus
-submucosal plexus

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63
Q

Serosa

A

-secretes serous fluid
-continous with mesentery throughout much of the tract

64
Q

serous fluid

A

Lubricates and prevents friction between digestive organs and surrounding viscera

65
Q

Function of a continous mesentery

A

-attachment provides relative fixation
-support digestive organs in proper place

66
Q

Digestive motility and secretion are regulated by

A

-Autonomous smooth muscle function
-intrinsic nerve plexuses
-extrinsic nerves
-gastrointestinal hormones

67
Q

Autonomous smooth muscle function

A

Pacemaker cells
-interstitial cells of Cajal
-BER

68
Q

Intrinsic nerve plexuses

A

ENS = myenteric and submuscosal plexuses
-sensory and motor functions

69
Q

Extrinsic nerves

A

ANS

70
Q

Gastrointestinal hormones

A

-gastrin
-brain function

71
Q

Uvula

A

Seals off nasal passages during swallowing

72
Q

Pharynx

A

Cavity at rear of throat
-common passageways for digestive and respiratory systems
-tonsils

73
Q

tonsils

A

-lymphoid tissue

74
Q

Function of chewing

A

Grind and break food into smaller pieces to make swallowing easier and increase food surface area on which salivary enzymes can act

75
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands

A

-parotid
-sublingual
-submandibular

76
Q

Secretions in the mouth are accomplished by

A

Large increase in blood flow
-this is the largest secretion of any exocrine gland

77
Q

Composition of saliva

A

99.5% H20

0.5% electrolytes and protein (amylase, mucus, lysozyme)

78
Q

Amylase

A

Beings digestion of carbohydrates

79
Q

saliva

A

-swallowing by moistening food
-provides lubrication

80
Q

Antibacterial action of saliva

A

-lysozyme destroys bacteria
-saliva rinses away material that could serve as food source for bacteria

81
Q

Solvent for molecules stimulate

A

Taste buds

82
Q

What stimulates salivary centre in medulla

A

-pressure receptors and chemoreceptors in mouth
-thinking, seeing, smelling (cerebral cortex)

83
Q

Salivary centre in medulla signals

A

Autonomic nerves, which target salivary glands increasing salivary secretion

84
Q

Polysaccharides are digested in the mouth into ____

A

Disaccharides

85
Q

Motility of swallowing associated with

A

Pharynx and esophagus

86
Q

Two sphincters of the esophagus

A

-pharyngoesophageal sphincter
-gastroesophageal sphincter

87
Q

pharyngoesophageal sphincter

A

Prevents large volumes of air from entering esophagus and stomach during breathing

88
Q

Gastroesophageal sphincter

A

Prevents reflux of gastric contents

89
Q

Stomach is divided into three sections called

A

Fundus, body, antrum

90
Q

Stomach mucosa is divided in two two areas

A

Oxyntic, pyloric gland area

91
Q

Three main functions of stomach

A

-store ingested food until emptied into small intestine
-secretes HCl and enzymes that begin protein digestion
-mixing movements turn food to chyme

92
Q

Stomach motility aspects (four)

A

-filling (50 mL to 1L)
-storage (body)
-mixing (antrum)
-emptying (duodenum factors and peristalsis)

93
Q

The stronger the antral contraction the

A

More chyme is emptied with each contractile wave

94
Q

How does gastric mixing take place

A

When the pyloric sphincter closes, the chyme hits the closed sphincter and is tossed back into the antrum, mixing!

95
Q

Factors in duodenum

A

-acid (inhibit further emptying of acidic gastric contents)

-hypertonicity (gastric emptying is inhibiting when osmolarity of duodenal contents start to rise)

-distension (too much chyme inhibits emptying of even more gastric contents)

96
Q

Gastric emptying factors trigger either

A

-neural response
-hormonal response

97
Q

Neural response

A

Mediated through both intrinsic nerve plexuses (short) and autonomic nerves (long)
-enterogastric reflex

98
Q

Hormonal response

A

Involves release of hormones from duodenal mucosa collectively known as enterogastrones
-secretin
-cholecystokinin

99
Q

Additional factors that influence gastric motility

A

-emotions (sadness/fear - decrease)(anger/aggression - inc)
-intense pain (inhibits)

100
Q

Two distinct areas of gastric mucosa that secrete gastric juice

A

-oxyntic mucosa (lines body and fundus)
-pyloric gland area (lines antrum)

101
Q

Mucous cells

A

Alkaline mucus
-protects mucosa against mechanical, pepsin and acid injury

-stimulated by mechanical

102
Q

Chief cells

A

Pepsinogen
-begins protein digestion

-activated by ACh, gastrin

103
Q

Parietal cells

A

Hydrochloride acid and intrinsic factors
-activates pepsinogen, breaks down connective tissue, denatures protein, kills microorganisms
-absorption of vitamin B

-stimulated by ACh, gastrin, histamine

104
Q

Enterochromaffinlike cells

A

Histamine
-stimulates parietal cells

-stimulued by ACh, gastrin

105
Q

G cells

A

Gastrin
-stimulates partial chief and ECL cells

-stimulated by protein products, ACh

106
Q

D cells

A

Somatostatin
-inhibits partial, G, and ECL cells

-stimulated by acid

107
Q

Functions of HCl

A

Activates pepsingoen to activate enzyme pepsin
-break down connective tissue and muscle fibres
-denatures protein
-kill microorganisms

108
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Major digestive aspect of gastric secretion
-converted to pepsin

109
Q

Pepsin

A

Splits certain amino acid linakages
-yield small amino acid chains

110
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulate histamine release from ECL cells

111
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Stimuli acting in the head before food reaches stomach

112
Q

Gastric phase

A

Begins when food reaches the stomach (protein)
-proteins stimulate nerve pathways and gastrin release

113
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Inhibitory phase
-helps shut off flow of gastric juices as chy,e begins to empty into small intestine

114
Q

Gastric mucosal barrier

A

Enables stomach to contain acid without injuring itself

115
Q

Pancreas

A

Mixture of exocrine and endocrine tissue
-elongated gland

116
Q

Duct cells

A

Secrete aqueous NaHCO3 solution

117
Q

Acinar cells

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

118
Q

Exocrine function

A

Acinar cells secretes pancreatic juice consisting of
-zymogen granules

Duct cells secrete aqueous alkaline

119
Q

Proteolytic enzymes

A

-trypsinogen
-chymotrpsinogen
-procarboxypeptidase

120
Q

Trypsinogen

A

Converted to active form trypsin

121
Q

Chymotrypsinogen

A

Converted to active form chymotrypsin

122
Q

Procarbpxypeptidase

A

Converted to active form carbodypeptidase

123
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Converts polysaccharides into disaccharide maltose

124
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Only enzyme secreted throughout entire digestive system that can digest FAT

125
Q

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

Break peptide bonds in proteins to form peptide fragments

126
Q

Carboxypeptidase

A

Splits off terminal amino acid from carbonyl end of protein

127
Q

Liver

A

Largest and most important metaboloc organ in body
-major biochemical factory
-secretion of bile salts

128
Q

Bile salts

A

Fat digestion and absorption
-derivatives of cholesterol

129
Q

Bile consists of

A

Bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bilirubin

130
Q

Function of bile salts

A

Break up large fat droplets with intestinal mixing
-inc surface area for lipase

131
Q

Micelle

A

Critical for fat absorption
-water soluble structures
-transports digested fats

132
Q

Gall bladder

A

-secreted bile is stored imbetween meals
-concentrates bile (salt transported out, water follows)
-primary site for precipitation—> gallstones

133
Q

Segmentation

A

-primary method of motility during digestion
-ring like contractions
-mixes chyme
-relax/contract

134
Q

Segmentation initiated by

A

Pacemaker cells in small intestine
-basic electrical rhythm (BER)

135
Q

Migrating motility complex

A

Peristaltic wave sweeps intestines clean between meals

136
Q

Secretions of small intestine

A

Does not contain digestive enzymes
-lubricates
-salt solution

137
Q

Brushy border enzymes

A

-enterokinase
-disaccharidase
-aminopeptidases

138
Q

Enterokinase

A

Trypsinogen to trypsin

139
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Disaccharides to monosaccarides

140
Q

Aminopeptidases

A

Peptides to amino acids

141
Q

Function of pancreatic enzymes

A

Continue carbohydrate and protein digestion

142
Q

Brush border enzymes function

A

Complete digestion of carbohydrates and protein

143
Q

Pancreatic lipase function

A

Fat digested entirely

144
Q

Small intestine absorption

A

-absorbs nearly everything (liquids and solids)
-Vit B12 and bile salts

145
Q

Crypt of lieberkuhn

A

Part of alveoli
-secretes watery solution and new epithelial cells

146
Q

Large intestine

A

Drying and storage

147
Q

Taeniae coli

A

Longitudinal bands of muscle

148
Q

Haustra

A

Pouches or sacs
-Change location as result of contraction

149
Q

Mass movements

A

Massive contractions
-moves colonic contents into distal part of LI

150
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

From stomach to colon
-most evident after first meal of the day
-urge to defecate

151
Q

Defecation reflex

A

-stretch receptors stimulated by distension
-internal anal sphincter to relax and rectum/sigmoid colon to contract more vigorously (PARASYMPATHETIC)

152
Q

Colonic secretions

A

Alkaline mucous solution

153
Q

Colon absorption

A

Salt and water

154
Q

Constipation vs diarrhea

A

C: dry feces, blockages, decreased motility (low bulk diet)

D: loss of watery material, cannot absorb it all, fluid bulk, inc secretion (NOT INC MOTILITY)

155
Q

Gastrin

A

-stimulated by protein in stomach
-inhibited by acid in stomach

Function: inc secretion of HCl and Pepsi oven

156
Q

Secretin

A

Stimulated: acid in duodenum

Function: stimulate pancreatic duct cells to produce aqueous NaHCO3 secretion

157
Q

CCK

A

Inhibits gastric motility and secretion
-stimulate pancreatic Alina cells to inc secretion of pancreatic enzymes

Physiology II (12 decks)

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