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Physiology II > Chapter 18 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of chromosomes in somatic cells

A

46

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2
Q

Amount of homologous pairs in somatic cells

A

23

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3
Q

Amount of chromosomes in gametes

A

23
-this is the haploid number

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4
Q

Gametes contain only

A

One member of each homologous pair of chromosomes

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5
Q

Gametes contain only one

A

Member of each homologous pair of chromosomes

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6
Q

Gameoteongensis is accomplished by

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

Autonomies

A

22 pairs which code for general human characteristics and specific traits such as eye colour

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8
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Remaining pair of chromosomes
-larger is X chromosome
-smaller is Y chromosome

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9
Q

Meiosis vs mitosis

A

Mitosis—> produces identical daughter cells, growth

Meiosis—> produces four different daughter cells, reproduction

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10
Q

Gameotigenesis

A

-nuclear division by meiosis
-half set of genetic information distributed to each of four new daughter cells

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11
Q

Testes perform dual function, which is:

A

-production of sperm within seminiferous tubules
-secretion of testosterone, in leydig cells (between seminiferous tubules)

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12
Q

Serotoli cells vs leydig cells

A

-support for sperm

-testosterone

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13
Q

Testosterone is a ____ derived from _____

A

-steroid
-cholesterol

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14
Q

Five categories of testosterone effects

A

-before birth (system)
-after birth (tissues)
-other effects
-secondary sexual characteristics
-non reproductive actions

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15
Q

Spermatogeneiss results in

A

Many specialized, mobile sperm

Spermatogonia —> spermatozoa, haploid (at puberty)

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16
Q

Amount of time from spermatogonia to sperm

A

64 days

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17
Q

Amount of time from spermatotonia to sperm

A

64 days

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18
Q

(Spermatogenesis) Mitosis proliferation

A

2 mitosis divisions to create —> 4 identical primary spermatocytes

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19
Q

(Spermatogenesis) Meiosis

A

2 meiotic divisions
-16 spermatozoa from each spermatogonium

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20
Q

(Spermatogenesis) packaging

A

Not built to last
-closely associated with sertoli cells throughout development

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21
Q

Anatomy of a spermatozoan

A

Head: acrosome, nucleus

Midpiece: mitochondria

Tail or flagellum: microtubules

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22
Q

Anatomy of a spermatozoan

A

Head: acrosome, nucleus

Midpiece: mitochondria

Tail or flagellum: microtubules

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23
Q

Function of acrosome

A

-used to penetrate ovum
-formed by ER and golgi complex, before organelles are discarded
-enzyme filled

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24
Q

Functions of Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

A

-Secretes fluid that flushes sperm into epididymis for storage and maturation
-secrete androgen binding protein
-controls spermatogenesis

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25
Q

How do Sertoli cells control spermatogenesis

A

-release inhibin
-negative feedback that regulates FSH

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26
Q

Testes are controlled by

A

2 gonadotropic hormones (anterior pituitary)
-LH
-FSH

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27
Q

What is essential to maintaining spermatogenesis

A

Testosterone
-directly controlled by LH

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28
Q

What is essential to maintaining spermatogenesis

A

Testosterone
-directly controlled by LH

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29
Q

FSH affects

A

Sertoli

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30
Q

LH affects

A

Leydig

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31
Q

Sertoli affects either

A

-inhibin
-spermatogenesis

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32
Q

Inhibin lessens

A

Gonadrop

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33
Q

Leydig affects

A

Testosterone

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34
Q

Inhibin inhibits

A

FSH release

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35
Q

FSH acts on

A

Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis

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36
Q

LH and FSH are too low to stimulate

A

Testosterone production pre puberty

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37
Q

Spermatogenesis travels via seminiferous tubules to

A

Epididymis to ductus vas deferens

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38
Q

Ovaries secrete two main female sex hormones

A

-estrogen
-progesterone

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39
Q

Estrogen function

A

-Essential for ova maturation + release
-female secondary sexual characteristics
-transport sperm for fertilization
-contribute to breast development

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40
Q

Progesterone function

A

-prepares suitable environment for fetus
-contribute to beasts ability to produce milk

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41
Q

Oogenosis is equivalent to

A

Spermatogenesis
-identical steps
-timing and end result very different

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42
Q

Oogonia stage

A

-undifferentiated primordial germ cells in fetal ovaries
-divide mitotically

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43
Q

Oogonia during last part of fetal life

A

Begin early steps of first meiotic division, do not compete
-primary oocytes

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44
Q

Oogonia—> primary locates

A

Contain diploid number of 46 replicated hormones
-remain in meiotic arrest for years until prepared for ovulation

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45
Q

Primary oocyte is surrounded by

A

Single layer of granulosa cells

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46
Q

Oocyte + granulosa cells =

A

Primordial follicle

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47
Q

Primordial follicle

A

After development starts there are 2 possible fates
-reach maturity and ovulate
-dgenerate to form scar tissue

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48
Q

Oogenosis happens between

A

Puberty and menopause

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49
Q

Just before ovulation

A

Primary oocyte completes first meiotic division
-first polar body
-secondary oocyte

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50
Q

Just after fertilization

A

Sperm entry triggers second meiotic division
-secondary polar body
-mature haploid ovum unties with haploid sperm cell during fertilization

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51
Q

Timing of spermatogenesis versus oogenesis

A

-accomplished within two months

-take anywhere from 12 to 50 years to complete on cyclic basis from onset of puberty until menopause

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52
Q

Productive of spermatogenesis versus oogenesis

A

-postpubertal male can produce several hundred million sperm each day

-female born with limited, largely non renewable supply of germ cells

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53
Q

Primary yeilds…. Spermatogenesis versus oogenesis

A

-four equally viable spermatozoa

-only one cytoplasm rich ovum and three cytoplasm poor polar bodies that disintegrate

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54
Q

Follicular phase

A

Dominated by presence of maturing follicles

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55
Q

Lateral phase

A

Characterized by presence of corpus luteum

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56
Q

First stage (diagram)

A

Primary oocyte
-primary follicles
-single layer of granulosa cells

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57
Q

Stage 2/3 (diagram)

A

Follicular cells, made up of granulosa and thecal
-zona pellucida

Preantral follicle

Primary oocyte

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58
Q

Stage four (diagram)

A

Beginning of formation of antrum

59
Q

Stage 5 (diagram)

A

Ovum or primary oocyte

60
Q

When is development of natural (secondary) follicle

A

Stage 4-5

61
Q

Stage 6 (diagram)

A

Mature follicle
-ovum 2nd oocyte

62
Q

Stage 7 (diagram)

A

Follicular remnant
-ovulated ovum

63
Q

Stage 8 (diagram)

A

Developing corpus luteum

64
Q

Stage 9 (diagram)

A

Corpus luteum

65
Q

Stage 10 (diagram)

A

Degenerating corpus luteum

66
Q

When does follicular phase take place

A

First half of cycle

67
Q

Oocyte during follicular phase

A

Oocyte inside follicle enlarges

68
Q

Granulosa cells in follicle secrete (during follicular phase)

A

Increased amounts of estrogen

69
Q

Rapid follicular growth continues during

A

follicular phase

70
Q

Process of ovulation

A

-one follicle grows more rapidly
-follicle ruptures and releases oocyte from ovary
-enters oviduct where it may or may not be fertilized

71
Q

Literal phase lasts

A

14 days of ovarian cycle

72
Q

Old follicular cells form

A

Corpus luteum

73
Q

Becomes function within

A

Four days after ovulation
-thanks to progesterone and estrogen secretion

74
Q

If released ovum is not fertilized and does not implant

A

Corpus luteum degenerates within 14 days after formation

75
Q

FSH is high when

A

Beginning of menstrual stage, ovulation

76
Q

LH is high during

A

Ovulation

77
Q

Estrogen is high during

A

Right before ovulation, then briefly before menstruation

78
Q

Progesterone is high before

A

Menstruation

79
Q

During follicular phase there is a rise in ___ to signal

A

-FSH
Signals ovarian follicle to secrete more estrogen

80
Q

Rise in estrogen feeds back to

A

Inhibit FSH secretion, which declines as follicular phase proceeds

81
Q

LH rises in

A

follicular phase

82
Q

What triggers ovulation

A

LH

83
Q

What hormone triggers a mature follicle to convert into a corpus luteum

A

Estrogen

84
Q

Corpus luteum secretes

A

Progesterone and estrogen
-during luteal phase

85
Q

Progesterone output inhibits

A

Release of FSH and LH

86
Q

Corpus luteum degenerates due to

A

Low LH

87
Q

When corpus luteum has degenerates what declines

A

Progesterone levels

88
Q

What initiates a new cycle

A

FSH rises again

89
Q

What primarily inhibits FSH from anterior pituitary

A

estrogen

90
Q

LH rise continues during

A

Follicular phase

91
Q

Estrogen cannot inhibit what alone?

A

LH secretion

92
Q

Ovulation is triggered by

A

LH surge

93
Q

The LH surge is a positive feedback by..

A

Estrogen

94
Q

LH surge mid cycle does what?

A

-stops estrogen synthesis
-reinitiates meiosis
-follicular cells —> luteal cells

95
Q

LH ultimately causes high levels of

A

Estrogen and progesterone
-ovulation

96
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum

A

LH

97
Q

What is more abundant from the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone

98
Q

The start of new cycle is categorized by

A

First day of menstruation

99
Q

Menstrual phase releases

A

Uterine prostaglandin
-death of endometrium
-contractions of uterine —> expel blood

100
Q

Proliferative phase

A

-begins in last portion of follicular phase
-endometrium repairs itself with estrogen from new follicles growing

101
Q

Peak estrogen levels during proliferation phase triggers

A

LH surge, responsible for ovulation

102
Q

Proliferative phase is _____ dominant

A

Estrogen

103
Q

Secretory or progestiational phase

A

-after ovulation, new corpus luteum is formed
-large amounts of P and E
-progesterone causes endometrium to become highly vasculariaed

104
Q

If fertilization and implantation do not occur

A

-corpus luteum degenerates
-new follicular phase and menstrual phase begin once again

105
Q

What is the site of fertilization

A

Oviduct
-upper third or ampulla

106
Q

Fertilization must occur

A

24 hours after ovulation

107
Q

First sperm to reach ovum triggers

A

Chemical change in ovums surrounding membrane
-impermeable entry for other sperm

108
Q

Head of fused sperm …

A

Gradually pulled into ovums cytoplasm
-within hour sperm and egg nuclei fuse

109
Q

What triggers completion of meiosis

A

First sperm to reach ovum

110
Q

Fertilized ovum divides

A

MITOTICALLY

111
Q

Fertilized ovum differentiates into

A

Blastocysts
-capable of implantation

112
Q

Blastocyst implants in

A

Endometrial lining
-using enzymes released by trophoblasts

113
Q

Fertilized ovum turns into

A

Cleavage

114
Q

Cleavage turns into

A

Morula

115
Q

Morula turns into

A

Blastocyst

116
Q

After implantation, what develops

A

Placenta

117
Q

Umbilical vein carries

A

Oxygen and nutrient rich blood from placenta to fetus

118
Q

Umbilical arteries carry

A

Waste products and low oxygen conten to placenta

119
Q

Placenta acts as a

A

Endocrine organ
-secretes essential pregnancy hormones

120
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete

A

-human chorionic gonadotropin
-estrogen
-progesterone

121
Q

human chorionic donadotropin

A

Maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy
-secretion of testosterone in developing testes in XY embryos

122
Q

Estrogen (pregnancy)

A

Stimulate growth of myometrium
-inc uterine strength
-prepare mammary glands

123
Q

Progesterone (in pregnancy)

A

Suppress uterine contractions for quiet environment for the fetus

124
Q

Low amounts of progesterone causes…

A

Uterine contractions

125
Q

Relaxin (pregnancy)

A

-prepare mammary glands
-softens cervix to prep for dilation
-loosens tissues between pelvic bones

Preparation for parturition

126
Q

what is the pregnancy test hormone

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

127
Q

HCG is secreted by

A

Trophoblast

128
Q

If there is no hCG

A

There is not pregnancy

129
Q

What month does hCG peak

A

1 or 2 months

130
Q

When do estrogen and progesterone peak (pregnancy)

A

At birth/right before

131
Q

When does placenta produce estrogen and progesterone

A

Third and fourth trimester
-since corpus luteum of pregnancy has degenerated

132
Q

Pressure of fetus against cervix reflexly increases

A

Oxytocin secretion

133
Q

Oxytocin

A

-stronger contractions
-positive feedback that increases until cervial dilation and delivery are complete

-stimulate milk ejection during breast feeding

134
Q

Cervical dilation

A

Longest stage
-several hours to 24 hours

135
Q

Delivery of baby

A

Beings when cervical dilation is complete
-30 to 90 minutes

136
Q

Delivery of placenta

A

Second series of uterine contractions, to separate placenta from myometrium
-shortest stage (15 to 30)

137
Q

Involution

A

Uterus shrinks after delivery to pregestatinoal size

138
Q

During gestation estrogen and progesterone promote and inhibit …

A

Promote development of mammary glands, inhibit prolactin action on mammmary glands

139
Q

prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production in alveolar cells

140
Q

What stimulates prolactin to produce milk?

A

withdrawal of placental steroids at parturition initiates lactation

141
Q

What releases oxytocin and prolactin

A

Suckling

142
Q

Oxytocin -mammary glands

A

Squeeze secreted milk out through ducts

143
Q

Prolactin -mammary glands

A

Secretion of more milk to replace milk ejected

144
Q

Blastocyst reaches endometrium during

A

Literal phase

Physiology II (12 decks)

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