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Physiology II > Chapter Six - Principles Of Endoringology > Flashcards

Chapter Six - Principles Of Endoringology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Endocrine system consists of

A

Ductless endocrine glands throughout body

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless, secrete into interstitial space

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3
Q

Plasma concentration of each hormone is noramllly controlled by

A

Regulated changes in rate of hormone secretion

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4
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Regulate hormone secretion by another endocrine gland
-stimulate and maintain target tissues

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5
Q

Negative exists when

A

The output of a system counteracts a change in input

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6
Q

Diurnal rhythm

A

Cycle 1 per day with external cues
-set by CNS

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7
Q

Three ways hormones can influence activity of another hormone

A

-permissiveness
-synergism
-antagonism

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8
Q

Permissiveness

A

-one hormone must be present in adequate amounts for full exertion of another hormones effect

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9
Q

Synergism

A

Occurs when actions of several hormones are complimentary
-combined effect > sum of sep effects

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10
Q

Antagonism

A

When one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone

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11
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Too little hormone is secreted

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12
Q

hypersecretion

A

Too much hormone is secreted

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13
Q

Peptides and proteins

A

Hydrophilic

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14
Q

Steroids

A

Lipophilic

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15
Q

Amines

A

Lipid/water solubility depends on hormone

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16
Q

Most common hormone

A

Polypeptides

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17
Q

All steroid hormones derived from

A

CHOLESTEROL

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18
Q

Aldosterone secretion cells

A

Adrenal cortex

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19
Q

Amine hormones

A

Derivatives of amino acid

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20
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

2 tyrosines

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21
Q

Melatonin derived from

A

Tryptophan

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22
Q

Catecholamines

A

From adrenal glands
-catechol group, and amine group

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23
Q

Posterior pituitary composed of

A

Nervous tissue

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24
Q

Anterior pituitary consists of

A

Glandular epithelial tissue

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25
Thin stalk connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus
Infundibulum
26
Pituitary gland is controlled by
Hypothalamus
27
Posterior pituitary produces
Does not actually produce any hormones -stores and releases two small peptide hormones -vasopressin, oxytocin
28
Vasopressin
Conserves water during urine formation -small peptide hormone
29
Oxytocin
Stimulate uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection during breast feeding -small peptide hormones
30
Vasopressin in kidneys and arterials
Kidneys- inc permeability of distal and ct (H2O) Arterials- vasoconstriction
31
Anterior pituitary secretes six major hormones that it produces ITSELF
-TSH -ACTH -prolactin -growth hormone -LH -FSH
32
ACTH stands for
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
33
Tropic hormones from AP
-thyroid stimulates hormone -adrenocorticotropic hormone -LH -FSH -GH
34
TSH
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
35
ACTH
Stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex
36
Not a tropic hormone from AP
-prolactin
37
LH
Females= ovulation and luteinization, regulates ovarian secretion of female sex hormones Males= stimulates testosterone secretion
38
FSH
Females= stimulate growth and development of ovarian follicles, promotes secretion of estrogen by ovaries Males= sperm production
39
GH
Primary hormone responsible for regulating overal body growth, important in intermediary metabolism
40
prolactin
Enhances breast development and milk production in females
41
Pituitary hormone release
Hypothalamic hormones -regulate release of anterior pituitary hormones
42
Secretion of each anterior pituitary hormone is stimulated or inhibited by
One or more of the seven hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones
43
LH and FSH are secreted
By the same cells
44
Portal system
Vascular arrangement in which blood flows from one capillary bed through a connecting vessel to another capillary bed -critical link between brain and endocrine
45
Minute quantities of hypothalamic hormones are carried in a concentrated form directly to
Their target cells in the anterior pituitary -are not diluted out into the systemic circulation
46
Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary via
- A branch of the hypophyseal artery ramifies into a capillary bed in the lower hypothalamus - hypothalamic hormones are secreted into the capillary blood
47
Blood from hypophyseal artery capillaries drain into
Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal veins -branch into another series of capillaries
48
Capillaries within anterior pituitary which carry hormones secreted by that gland…
Coalesce into veins that drain into the systemic venous blood
49
Growth depends on
Growth hormone -but is influenced by other factors
50
Other factors of growth
-genetic determination -diet -chronic disease or stressful environment -normal levels of growth influencing hormones
51
Fetal growth is prompted by
Largely by hormones from placenta -GH plays no role in fetal development
52
Postnatal growth spurt
Displayed during first two years of life
53
Pubertal growth spurt
Occurs during adolescence
54
Growth involves
-cell division -net protein synthesis
55
Height is determined by
Bone growth -vertebral column and legs
56
GH promotes growth…
Indirectly -stimulates production of somatomedins from liver
57
Somatomedin
Insulin like growth factor -acts on bone and soft tissues
58
What does somatomedin stimulate
-protein synthesis -cell division -lengthening and thickening of bones (hyperplasia, hypertrophy)
59
Growth only happens when plate is
Cartilaginous or open
60
When plate ossify..
There is no more growth -end of adolescence
61
Chondrocytes
62
GH exerts
Metabolic effects not related to growth
63
GH increases what two things
-blood fatty acid levels -blood glucose levels
64
GH secretion is highest in
Adolescence
65
GH secretion is lowest in
Adults
66
Hyposecretion of GH is
Dwarfism
67
Dwarfism
-less muscle, more fat in adults -deficiency in adults produces relatively few symptoms
68
Hypersecretion in childhood
Gigantism
69
Hypersecretion as adult
Acromegaly
70
Growth hormone excess is often
Caused by tumour GH producing cells of anterior pituitary
71
Pineal gland
-located in centre of brain -tiny pinecone shaped structure
72
Melatonin is produced in
The pineal gland
73
Melatonin
Peak levels during darkness -secretion falls to low levels during light of day
74
Functions of melatonin
Helps keep body’s circadian rhythms in synchrony with light dark cycle -promote sleep -puberty -antioxidant and immunity
75
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Body’s master biological clock -self induced cyclic variation in clock protein alter neural discharge from SCN

Physiology II (12 decks)

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