chapter 11 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
endothelium
A
an innermost layer
of epithelial cells called endothelium. Endothelial cells, found in all blood vessels,
secrete factors that affect the size of blood vessels, reduce blood clotting, and promote the
growth of blood vessels.
2
Q
diastole
A
relaxation
3
Q
systole
A
contraction
4
Q
sinoatrial node, pacemaker
A
The current of electricity generated by the pacemaker
causes the walls of the atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles.
5
Q
atrioventricular node (AV node)
A
The AV node
immediately sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized muscle fibers called the
atrioventricular bundle
6
Q
atrioventricular bundle, or bundle of His
A
Within the interventricular septum, the
bundle of His divides into the left bundle branch [4] and the right bundle branch [5],
which form the conduction myofibers that extend through the ventricle walls and contract
on stimulation.
7
Q
deflections
A
that represent the electrical changes as a wave of excitation spreads through
the heart.
8
Q
normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
A
Heart rhythm (originating in the SA node and traveling through the heart)
9
Q
sphygmomanometer
A
Blood pressure is the force that the blood exerts on the arterial walls. This pressure is
measured with
10
Q
P wave
A
spread of excitation wave over the atria just
before contraction;
11
Q
QRS wave
A
= spread of
excitation wave over the ventricles as the
ventricles contract
12
Q
T wave
A
= electrical
recovery and relaxation of ventricles.
13
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
14
Q
arter/o, arteri/o
A
artery
15
Q
anastomosis
A
jiekou
16
Q
ather/o
A
yellowish plaque,
fatty substance
(Greek athere
means porridge)
17
Q
atri/o
A
atrium, upper
heart chamber
18
Q
brachi/o
A
arm
19
Q
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A
abnormal thickening of heart muscle, usually in the left ventricle
20
Q
cardiogenic shock
A
Results from failure of the heart in its pumping action. Shock is
circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen
and nutrients to body tissues
21
Q
cholesterol/o
A
cholesterol (a
lipid substance
22
Q
coron/o
A
heart
23
Q
cyan/o
A
blue
24
Q
myx/o
A
mucus
25
pericardi/o
pericardium
26
phleb/o
vein
27
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
28
rrhythm/o
arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias): lack a r
29
sphygm/o
pulse
30
steth/o
chest
31
Auscultation
listening to sounds within the body, typically
| using a stethoscope
32
vas/o
vessel
33
vascul/o
vessel
34
. bradycardia and heart
block (atrioventricular
block)
Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through
the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).
35
flutter
Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.
36
fibrillation
Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart
(350 beats or more per minute).
37
1. coarctation of the aorta
| (CoA
Narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta
38
2. patent ductus
| arteriosus (PDA)
Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary
artery remains open (patent) after birth.
39
3. septal defects
Small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the
ventricles (ventricular septal defects).
40
4. tetralogy of Fallo
Congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects. • Pulmonary artery stenosis. Pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed.
• Ventricular septal defect. Large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood
pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without
oxygenation.
• Shift of the aorta to the right. Aorta overrides the interventricular septum.
Oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta.
• Hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Myocardium works harder to pump blood
through a narrowed pulmonary artery
41
transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
(pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right
ventricle)
42
congestive heart failure
| CHF
Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
43
coronary artery disease
| CAD
Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart. CAD usually is the result of atherosclerosis
44
Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)
) are conditions caused by myocardial
ischemia. These conditions are unstable angina (chest pain at rest or chest pain
of increasing frequency) and myocardial infarction (Figure 11-18).
45
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Improper closure of the mitral valve
46
murmur
Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats
47
pericarditis
Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart
48
rheumatic heart disease
Heart disease caused by rheumatic feve
49
aneurysm
Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall.
50
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb.
51
hypertension (HTN)
High blood pressure
52
peripheral arterial disease
| PAD
Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and
other organs.
53
Raynaud’s (rā-NŌZ) disease
| Raynaud’s
Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
54
varicose veins
Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.
55
angina (pectoris)
Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. Stable angina occurs predictably with
exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion.
56
angiotensinconverting enzyme
| (ACE) inhibitor
Antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II,
causing blood vessels to dilate. It prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death. See
Table 21-6 on page 893 for names of ACE inhibitors and other cardiovascular drugs
57
beta blocker
Drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. It blocks the action of
epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing
the workload on the heart.
58
biventricular
| pacemaker
Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is
pumped out of the heart.
59
bruit
Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ.
60
calcium channel
| blocker
Drug used to treat angina and hypertension. It dilates blood vessels by blocking the
influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.
61
cardiac arrest
Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death
62
cardiac tamponade
Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.
63
claudication
Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at
rest.
64
digoxin
Drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat.
65
embolus (plural:
| emboli
embolus (plural:
| emboli
66
infarction
Area of dead tissue
67
nitrates
Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow
and oxygen to myocardial tissue.
nitroglycerin
Nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina.
68
palpitations
Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).
69
patent
Open.
70
pericardial friction rub
Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis.
71
petechiae
Small, pinpoint hemorrhages
72
statins
Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
73
thrill
Vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)
74
vegetations
Clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased
heart valves.
75
BNP test
Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood.
BNP is elevated in patients with heart failure, and it is useful in the diagnosis of
CHF in patients with dyspnea who come to the emergency department.
76
cardiac biomarkers
Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack.
Damaged heart muscle releases chemicals into the bloodstream. The substances
tested for are troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT). Troponin is a heart
muscle protein released into circulation after myocardial injury.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker of inflammation. High-sensitivity CRP
(Hs-CRP) is useful in predicting risk for heart attack, stroke, or other major heart
disease.
77
lipid tests (lipid profile)
Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.
High levels of lipids are associated with atherosclerosis
78
lipoprotein electrophoresis
Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated
and measured in a blood sample.
Examples of lipoproteins are low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density
lipoprotein (HDL). High levels of LDL are associated with atherosclerosis.
79
computed tomography
| angiography (CTA)
Three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries
using computed tomography (64-slice CT scanner).
80
digital subtraction
| angiography (DSA)
Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
81
electron beam computed
| tomography (EBCT or EBT)
Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around
coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD.
82
Doppler ultrasound studies
Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels
83
echocardiography (ECHO)
Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the
heart
84
technetium Tc 99m
| sestamibi scan
Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in
cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning.
85
thallium 201 scan
Concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information
about blood supply to the heart muscle.
86
cardiac catheterization
Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery.
This procedure detects pressures and patterns of blood flow in the heart
87
Holter monitoring
An ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac
arrhythmias.
88
stress test
```
Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to
physical exertion (stress).
```
89
catheter ablation
Brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue
that may be causing arrhythmias
90
coronary artery bypass
| grafting (CABG)
Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour
around blockages
91
defibrillation
Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop
dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation).
92
endarterectomy
Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery
93
extracorporeal circulation
Heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the
heart is repaired.
94
percutaneous coronary
| intervention (PCI)
Balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the
artery; stents are put in place.
95
thrombolytic therapy
Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients
with coronary thrombosis.
96
transcatheter aortic valve
| replacement (TAVR)
Placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a
catheter.
