chapter 14

Question 1

paraaortic

Answer 1

lumbar

Question 2

spleen

Answer 2

1. Destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages. In the slow-moving circulation of
   the spleen, red cell breakdown liberates hemoglobin, which is converted to bilirubin
   in the liver and then is excreted into the bile.
2. Filtration of microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood.
3. Activation of lymphocytes. Activated B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies.
   Activated T lymphocytes (T cells) attack foreign materials.
4. Storage of blood, especially erythrocytes and platelets.

Question 3

humoral immunity

Answer 3

B cells (B lymphocytes

Question 4

cell-mediated

immunity

Answer 4

T cells (T lymphocytes)

Question 5

The B cell matures into another cell called a plasma cell.

Answer 5

. It is the plasma cell that produces
antibodies called immunoglobulins, which block the effects of antigens. Examples of
immunoglobulins (Ig = immunoglobulin) are IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, and IgD. One maternal
immunoglobulin, IgG, crosses the placenta to provide immunity for newborns. Another,
IgE, is important in allergic reactions and in fighting parasitic infections

Question 6

Cell-mediated immunity does not involve antibodies

Answer 6

For example, cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) attach to
antigens and directly kill them. Cytotoxic cells also secrete cytokines (interferons and
interleukins), which aid other cells in antigen destruction. Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells)
assist B cells in making antibodies and they stimulate T cells to attack antigens. Suppressor
T cells (also called regulatory T cells, or Tregs) inhibit both B and T cells and prevent
them from attacking the body’s own good cells

Question 7

complement system

Answer 7

a group of proteins that helps

antibodies kill their target.

Question 8

dendritic cell

Answer 8

which initiates adaptive
immunity by presenting antigens to T and B cells, showing them precisely what they need
to counteract.

Question 9

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)

Answer 9

—These are antibodies created in a laboratory by special

reproductive (cloning) techniques. They are designed to attack specific cancer cells

Question 10

Transfer of immune cell

Answer 10

In bone marrow transplantation, T lymphocytes from a
donor can replace a patient’s immune system with new cells that recognize tumor
cells as foreign and kill them.

Question 11

lymphaden/o

Answer 11

lymph node

gland

Question 12

thym/o

Answer 12

thymus gland

Question 13

acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 13

Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of
the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary
neoplasms, and neurologic problems

Question 14

allergy

Answer 14

Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen

Question 15

lymphoma

Answer 15

Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

Question 16

multiple myeloma

Answer 16

Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells.

Question 17

thymoma

Answer 17

Malignant tumor of the thymus gland

Question 18

allergen

Answer 18

Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of
antigen

Question 19

anaphylaxis

Answer 19

Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance

Question 20

atopy

Answer 20

Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition. From the Greek
atopia, meaning strangeness

Question 21

CD4+ cells

Answer 21

Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4
and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate
number of CD4+ cells.

Question 22

Hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 22

Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes; Reed-Sternberg cells
are often found on microscopic analysis.

Question 23

human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)

Answer 23

Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.

Question 24

Kaposi sarcoma

Answer 24

Malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and
appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules.

Question 25

opportunistic | infections

Answer 25

Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body’s resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained.

Question 26

protease inhibitor

Answer 26

Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV

Question 27

reverse transcriptase | inhibitor (RTI)

Answer 27

Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

Question 28

wasting syndrome

Answer 28

Weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS.

Question 29

CD4+ cell count

Answer 29

Measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the | bloodstream of patients with AIDS.

Question 30

ELISA

Answer 30

Screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream。 Antibodies to HIV begin to appear within 2 weeks of infection with HIV. If the result of this test is positive, it is confirmed with a Western blot test, which is more specific. ELISA is an abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Question 31

immunoelectrophoresis

Answer 31

Test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD). This procedure detects the presence of abnormal levels of antibodies in patients with conditions such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Question 32

viral load test

Answer 32

Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream. Two viral load tests are a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and an NASBA (nucleic acid sequence–based amplification) test.

Question 33

``` computed tomography (CT) scan ```

Answer 33

X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures. These x-ray views show abnormalities of lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.