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chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

parenchyma

A

Parenchyma is the

essential distinguishing tissue of an organ

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2
Q

Stroma

A

Stroma of an organ is the
connective and supportive tissue of an organ. The stromal tissue of the central nervous
system consists of the glial (neuroglial) cells, which make up its supportive framework
and help it ward off infection.

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3
Q

Astrocytes (astroglial

cells

A

star-like in appearance (astr/o means star) and transport water and salts between
capillaries and neurons

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4
Q

Microglial cells

A

small cells with many branching processes

(dendrites). As phagocytes, they protect neurons in response to inflammation.

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5
Q

Oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes)

A 
have few (olig/o means few or scanty) dendrites.
These cells form the myelin sheath in the CNS.
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6
Q 
ependymal cells (Greek
ependyma means upper garment)
A

line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where

CSF is produced and circulates.

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7
Q

This protective barrier between the blood and brain cells is called the blood-brain barrier
(BBB)

A

Glial cells, particularly the astrocytes, are associated with blood vessels and regulate the
passage of potentially harmful substances from the blood into the nerve cells of the brain.

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8
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  1. Respiratory center—controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or
    other stimuli
  2. Cardiac center—slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly
  3. Vasomotor center—affects (constricts or dilates) the muscles in the walls of blood
    vessels, thus influencing blood pressure
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9
Q

gray matter

A

containing

cell bodies and dendrites

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10
Q

white matter

A

containing the nerve fiber

tracts with myelin sheaths

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11
Q

dura mater

A

This thick, tough

membrane contains channels (dural sinuses) that contain blood.

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12
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

The arachnoid (spider-like) membrane is loosely attached to
the other meninges by web-like fibers, so there is a space for fluid between the fibers
and the third membrane

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13
Q

subarachnoid space

A

containing CSF

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14
Q

pia mater

A

It contains

delicate (Latin pia) connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels.

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15
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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17
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

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18
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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19
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

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20
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE

A

progressive
degenerative disease associated with repetitive brain trauma
(concussion).

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21
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

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22
Q

mening/o,

meningi/o

A

membranes,

meninges

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23
Q

pont/o

A

pons

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24
Q

radicul/o

A 
nerve root (of
spinal nerves)
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25
thec/o
sheath (refers to | the meninges
26
vag/o
vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
27
alges/o, -algesia
sensitivity to pain
28
caus/o
burning
29
comat/o
deep sleep | coma
30
esthesi/o, -esthesia
feeling, nervous | sensation
31
kines/o, kinesi/o - kinesia, -kinesis, - kinetic
movement
32
-lepsy
seizure
33
lex/o
word, phrase
34
narc/o
stupor, | sleep
35
-paresis
weakness
36
-phasia
speech
37
-plegia
``` paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body) ```
38
paraplegia
the term means paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body caused by injury or disease of the spinal cord or cauda equina.
39
-praxia
action
40
apraxia
Movements and behavior are not purposeful. A patient with motor apraxia cannot use an object or perform a task. Motor weakness is not the cause
41
-sthenia
strength
42
neurasthenia
Nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often following depression.
43
syncop/o
to cut off, cut | short
44
Syncope
means fainting; sudden and temporary loss of | consciousness caused by inadequate flow of blood to the brain
45
tax/o
order, | coordination
46
Congenital
born natural
47
hydrocephalus
Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.
48
spina bifida
Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).
49
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Lou Gehrig disease
Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem.
50
epilepsy
Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
51
Huntington disease | Huntington’s
Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
52
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.
53
myasthenia gravis (MG)
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.Thymectomy is also a method of treatment and is beneficial to many patients.
54
palsy
Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function). Bell palsy (or Bell’s palsy) (Figure 10-17) is paralysis on one side of the face
55
Parkinson disease | Parkinson’s
Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.
56
Tourette syndrome | Tourette’s
Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.
57
herpes zoster (shingles)
Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
58
meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis.
59
human immunodeficiency | virus (HIV) encephalopathy
Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.
60
cerebral concussion
Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head.
61
cerebral contusion
Bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head.
62
cerebrovascular accident | CVA
Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke Thrombotic—blood clot (thrombus) Embolic—an embolus (a dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries and occludes a small vessel. This type of stroke occurs very suddenly. Hemorrhagic—a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs.
63
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Thrombotic strokes are treated with antiplatelet or anticoagulant (clotdissolving) therapy. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may be started shortly after the onset of a stroke.
64
migraine
Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.
65
aneurysm
``` Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke). ```
66
astrocytoma
Malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells).
67
aura
Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure.
68
embolus
Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
69
gait
Manner of walking.
70
ictal event
Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure.
71
occlusion
Blockage.
72
palliative
Relieving symptoms but not curing them.
73
thymectomy
Removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis.
74
TIA
Transient ischemic attack. TIAs can occur with all three types of strokes: thrombolytic, embolic, and even hemorrhagic (if minor.) They are characterized by a limited time course of neurologic deficits.
75
tonic-clonic seizure
Major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
76
proton stereotactic radiosurgery(PSRS)
Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.
77
AFP
``` alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida ```
78
AVM
arteriovenous malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum
79
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
80
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
81
ICP
``` intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15╯mm╯Hg) ```
82
MAC
monitored anesthetic care
83
LP
lumbar puncture
84
MG
myasthenia gravis
85
MS
multiple sclerosis
86
1 | 2 P
hemiparesis
87
PCA
patient-controlled analgesia
88
Sz
seizure
89
TBI
traumatic brain injury
90
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; technique using a battery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain
91
TIA
transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain
92
TLE
temporal lobe epilepsy
93
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator; a clotdissolving drug used as therapy for stroke
94
myelogram
. | X-ray record (image) of the spinal cord

terminology (17 decks)

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