Chapter 11

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently
think, feel, and behave in specific ways

Question 2

Choleric

Answer 2

passionate, ambitious, and bold

Question 3

melancholic

Answer 3

reserved, anxious, unhappy

Question 4

Sanguine

Answer 4

joyful, eager, optimistic

Question 5

Phlegmatic

Answer 5

calm, reliable, thoughtful

Question 6

Franz Gall

Answer 6

Proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality
traits, character, and mental abilities

Question 7

Unconscious

Answer 7

mental activity that we are
unaware of and are unable to access

Question 8

Id

Answer 8

Contains primitive urges (for hunger, thirst, and sex).

Question 9

Superego

Answer 9

Develops through interactions with others, learning social rules for right and wrong

Question 10

Ego

Answer 10

Attempts to balance the id with the superego.

Question 11

Inferiority complex

Answer 11

A person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to
the standards of others or of society

Question 12

Collective unconscious

Answer 12

universal version of personal unconscious, holding mental
patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us

Question 13

Archetypes

Answer 13

patterns that exist in our collective unconscious across cultures/societies

Question 14

Persona

Answer 14

A mask that we consciously adopt

Question 15

Social cognitive theory

Answer 15

emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of
individual difference in personality.

Question 16

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 16

cognitive processes (beliefs, expectations, and personality
characteristics), behavior, and context (environment/situation) all interact.

Question 17

Observational learning

Answer 17

learning by observing someone else’s behavior and it’s consequences.

Question 18

Self efficacy

Answer 18

level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social
experiences

Question 19

Locus of control

Answer 19

beliefs about the power we have over our lives.

Question 20

Internal locus control

Answer 20

tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct
result of our efforts

Question 21

External locus control

Answer 21

tend to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control.

Question 22

Endomorphs

Answer 22

relaxed, comfortable, good-humored, even-tempered, sociable, and
tolerant

Question 23

Mesomorphs

Answer 23

adventurous, assertive, competitive, and fearless

Question 24

Ectomorphs

Answer 24

Anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.