Chapter 9

Question 1

Physical development

Answer 1

growth and changes in the body and brain, senses,
motor skills, and health and wellness

Question 2

Cognitive development

Answer 2

learning, attention, memory, language, thinking,
reasoning and creativity

Question 3

Psychosocial development

Answer 3

emotions, personality and social relationships

Question 4

Continuous development

Answer 4

views development as a cumulative process, gradually
improving on existing skills

Question 5

Discontinuous development

Answer 5

views development as occurring in unique stages
(specific times or ages).

Question 6

Evidence for one course

Answer 6

Studies show that children from all around the world reach
language milestones in a similar sequence

Question 7

Evidence for many courses

Answer 7

Cultural differences in child care practices – different
practices can accelerate or inhibit achievement of developmental milestones.

Question 8

Nature

Answer 8

Biology and genetics

Question 9

Nurture

Answer 9

environment and culture

Question 10

Sigmond Freud

Answer 10

Believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults

Question 11

Erik Erikson

Answer 11

Argues that personality development
takes place across the lifespan, not
just in childhood

Question 12

Piaget

Answer 12

Focused on children’s cognitive growth and
theorized that cognitive abilities develop through
specific stages

Question 13

Assimilation

Answer 13

incorporates information into existing
schemata

Question 14

Accommodation

Answer 14

Change schemata based on new
information.

Question 15

Sensorimotor

Answer 15

World experienced through
senses and actions

Question 16

Preoperational

Answer 16

Use words and images to
represent things, but lack
logical reasoning

Question 17

Concrete operational

Answer 17

Understand concrete events
and analogies logically;
perform arithmetical
operations

Question 18

Formal Operational

Answer 18

Formal operations.
Utilize abstract reasoning

Question 19

Germinal stage

Answer 19

Conception occurs when sperm fertilizes an
egg and forms a zygote (one-cell structure)

Question 20

Mitosis

Answer 20

The process of cell division

Question 21

Embryonic stage

Answer 21

After the zygote has 150 cells it travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in
the lining of the uterus

Question 22

Placenta

Answer 22

structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen
from the mother to the embryo via the umbilical co

Question 23

Prenatal Influences

Answer 23

Genetic and environmental factors can affect development during each prenatal
stage

Question 24

Teratogen

Answer 24

any environmental agent
(biological, chemical, or physical) that causes
damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Question 25

Alcohol

Answer 25

can cause fetal-alcohol syndrome

Question 26

Smoking

Answer 26

can result in premature birth, low-birth weight, stillbirths, sudden infant death syndrome

Question 27

Newborn reflexes

Answer 27

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation (help the newborn survive).

Question 28

Rooting reflexes

Answer 28

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation (help the newborn survive)

Question 29

Sucking reflexes

Answer 29

suck on objects placed by mouth

Question 30

Grasping reflexes

Answer 30

Cling to objects placed by hands

Question 31

Moro reflex

Answer 31

baby spreads arms and pulls them back in when they are startled/feel like they are falling

Question 32

Blooming period

Answer 32

neural pathways form thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood

Question 33

Pruning period

Answer 33

neural connections are reduced during childhood and adolescence to allow the brain to function more efficiently

Question 34

Motor skills

Answer 34

ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

Question 35

Fine motor skills

Answer 35

focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions (e.g., gripping a pencil)

Question 36

Gross motor skills

Answer 36

focus on large muscle groups that control arms and legs and involve larger movements (e.g., balancing, running).

Question 37

Attachment

Answer 37

a long-standing connection or bond with others.

Question 38

Bowlby (attachment theory)

Answer 38

Defined attachment as the affectional bond/tie that an infant forms with the mother.

Question 39

Secure base

Answer 39

parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

Question 40

Secure

Answer 40

child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore

Question 41

Avoidant

Answer 41

unresponsive to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

Question 42

Resistant

Answer 42

show clingy behavior, but then reject mothers attempts to interact with them

Question 43

Disorganized

Answer 43

show odd behavior around caregiver

Question 44

Authoritative style parenting

Answer 44

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view

Question 45

Authoritarian style parenting

Answer 45

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

Question 46

Permissive style parenting

Answer 46

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment.

Question 47

Uninvolved style parenting

Answer 47

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands.

Question 48

Temperament

Answer 48

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

Question 49

Easy temperament

Answer 49

positive emotions, adapt well to change, and capable of regulating emotions.

Question 50

Difficult temperament

Answer 50

negative emotions, difficulty adapting to change and regulating emotions

Question 51

Adrenarche

Answer 51

maturing of the adrenal glands.

Question 52

Gonadarche

Answer 52

maturing of the sex glands

Question 53

Menarche

Answer 53

beginning of menstrual periods (usually around 12-13 years old)

Question 54

Spermarche

Answer 54

first ejaculation (around 13-14 years old)

Question 55

Cognitive empathy

Answer 55

the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others.