chapter 15

Question 1

Psychopathology

Answer 1

the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), and treatment

Question 2

Psychological disorders

Answer 2

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Question 3

Wakefield (1992)

Answer 3

Proposed a more influential concept in which he defines psychological disorders as a
harmful dysfunction

Question 4

Diagnostic features

Answer 4

overview of the disorder

Question 5

Diagnostic criteria

Answer 5

specific symptoms required for a diagnosis

Question 6

Prevalence

Answer 6

percent of population thought to be afflicted

Question 7

Comordity

Answer 7

Obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder frequently occur in the
same person

Question 8

Supernatural perspective

Answer 8

psychological disorders attributed to a force beyond scientific
understanding

Question 9

Diathesis-Stress Mode

Answer 9

Integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.

Question 10

Fear

Answer 10

an instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat.

Question 11

Anxiety

Answer 11

apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative content

Question 12

Anxiety disorders

Answer 12

Characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in
behavior

Question 13

Classical conditioning

Answer 13

Child is bitten by dog (US) → dogs become associated with biting (CS) → child
experiences fear around dogs (CR)

Question 14

Vicarious learning

Answer 14

Child observes cousin react with fear around spiders → child later expresses the same fears even though spiders have never presented any danger to him

Question 15

Verbal transmission disorder

Answer 15

A child is continuously told that snakes are dangerous → child starts to fear snakes.

Question 16

Safety behaviors

Answer 16

mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes

Question 17

Behavioral inhibition

Answer 17

a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when
presented with unfamiliar people or situations.

Question 18

Obsessions

Answer 18

persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly
intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing

Question 19

Compulsions

Answer 19

repetitive and ritualistic acts, typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event

Question 20

OCD circuit

Answer 20

Several interconnected regions that influence perceived emotional value of stimuli and selection of behavioral and cognitive responses

Question 21

Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 21

involved in learning and
decision making.

Question 22

Seasonal pattern

Answer 22

applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year

Question 23

Peripartum onset (postpartum depression)

Answer 23

major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth

Question 24

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Answer 24

depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depression

Question 25

Medications for depression

Answer 25

usually increase serotonin and norepinephrine activity.

Question 26

Medication for Bipolar

Answer 26

Lithium, which blocks norepinephrine activity at the synapse.

Question 27

Diathesis-Stress model

Answer 27

cognitive vulnerability + stressful life events → depression.

Question 28

Depressive Schemas

Answer 28

contain themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy.

Question 29

Disorganized Thinking

Answer 29

disjointed and incoherent thought processes

Question 30

Avolition

Answer 30

lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity

Question 31

Alogia

Answer 31

Reduced speech output

Question 32

Asociality

Answer 32

Social withdraw

Question 33

Anhedonia

Answer 33

Inability to experience pleasure

Question 34

Dopamine Hypothesis

Answer 34

an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia

Question 35

Dissociative Fugue

Answer 35

individual suddenly wanders away from home, experiences confusion about their identity, and in some cases may adopt a new identity

Question 36

Depersonalization

Answer 36

feelings of “unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, one’s whole self or from aspects of the self”

Question 37

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 37

involve developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning.

Question 38

ADHD

Answer 38

constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning