Chapter 8 PSYCH: Memory

Question 1

Automatic processing

Answer 1

encoding of details
like time, space, frequency, and the meaning
of words

Question 2

Effortful Processing

Answer 2

encoding of details
that takes time and effort

Question 3

Semantic Encoding

Answer 3

encoding of words and their meanings

Question 4

visual encoding

Answer 4

encoding of images

Question 5

acoustic encoding

Answer 5

the encoding of sounds

Question 6

self-reference effect

Answer 6

the tendency for an individual to have better memory for
information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal
relevance.

Question 7

3 short-term systems

Answer 7

visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and
tastes

Question 9

Short-term memory/working memory

Answer 9

a temporary storage system that processes
incoming sensory memory

Question 10

memory consolidation

Answer 10

Transfer of STM
to long-term memory.

Question 11

rehearsal

Answer 11

the conscious repetition of
information to be remembered.

Question 12

Explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 12

memories of facts and events we can consciously
remember and recall/declare.

Question 13

Semantic

Answer 13

knowledge about words, concepts, and language.

Question 14

Episodic

Answer 14

information about events we have personally experienced.

Question 15

Implicit memory

Answer 15

memories that are not part of our consciousness.

Question 16

Procedural

Answer 16

stores information about how to do things.

Question 17

Retrieval

Answer 17

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness.

Question 18

Recall

Answer 18

being able to access information without cues

Question 19

Recognition

Answer 19

being able to identify information that you have previously learned
after encountering it again.

Question 20

Relearning

Answer 20

Learning information that you previously learned.

Question 21

Equipotential hypothesis

Answer 21

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is
damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function.

Question 22

Eric Kandel

Answer 22

Studied the synapse and its role in controlling the flow of information through
neural circuits needed to store memories.

Question 23

Amygdala

Answer 23

Involved in fear and fear memories (memory storage is influenced by stress
hormones)

Question 24

Hippocampus

Answer 24

Associated with explicit memory, recognition memory and spatial memory

Question 25

cerebellum

Answer 25

Plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how to play the piano and classical conditioning

Question 26

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 26

Appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.

Question 27

Neurotransmitter

Answer 27

Communication among neurons via neurotransmitters is critical for developing new memories.

Question 28

Arousal Therapy

Answer 28

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories.

Question 29

Flash bulb memory

Answer 29

a record of an atypical and unusual event that has a very strong emotional associations.

Question 30

Amnesia

Answer 30

the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Question 31

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

inability to remember new information after pointing of trauma.

Question 32

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred prior to the trauma.

Question 33

Construction

Answer 33

formulation of new memories

Question 34

Reconstruction

Answer 34

process of bringing up old memories

Question 35

suggestibility

Answer 35

the effects of misinformation from external sources that lead to the creation of false memories

Question 36

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 36

studied false memories

Question 37

Misinformation effect Paradigm

Answer 37

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

Question 38

False Memory syndrome

Answer 38

recall of false autobiographical memories

Question 39

Forgetting

Answer 39

loss of information from long-term memory.

Question 40

Encoding failure

Answer 40

occurs when the memory is never stored in our memory in the first place

Question 41

Transience

Answer 41

Accessibility of memory decreases over time (storage decay)

Question 42

Absentmindedness

Answer 42

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention

Question 43

Blocking

Answer 43

Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked (aka tip-of-the- tongue phenomenon).

Question 44

Misattribution

Answer 44

Source of memory is confused

Question 45

Suggestibility

Answer 45

False memories

Question 46

Bias

Answer 46

Memories distorted by current belief system

Question 47

Persistence

Answer 47

Inability to forget undesirable memories

Question 48

Stereotypical bias

Answer 48

involves racial and gender biases

Question 49

Egocentric Bias

Answer 49

involves enhancing our memories of the past

Question 50

Hindsight Bias

Answer 50

the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the fact

Question 51

Rehearsal

Answer 51

conscious repetition of information to be remembered.

Question 52

Chunking

Answer 52

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks.

Question 53

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 53

technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Question 54

Mnemonic devices

Answer 54

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding