Chapter 11

Question 1

The lymphatic system functions

Answer 1

-fluid balance
-forms lymph fluid
-absorption of fats
-digested fats are too large to enter capillaries
-Protect from infection
-important part of immune system

Question 2

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 2

Pick up lymph fluid
Merge to form lymph vessels

Question 3

Lymphatic trunks

Answer 3

Larger
Formed by fusion of vessels
May drain through nodes
Small masses of lymph tissue that filter lymph

Question 4

Right lymphatic ducts

Answer 4

Drains superior right quadrant of the body
Empties into right subclavian vein

Question 5

Thoracic duct

Answer 5

Larger drains rest of body
Empties into left subclavian vein

Question 6

One way system

Answer 6

Begins in tissues
Ends in bloodstream at subclavian vein

Question 7

Flow of nymph

Answer 7

Vessels have valves to allow for one way flow
Under low pressure
Movement of lymph promoted by skeletal muscles compressing vessels
Breathing
Smooth muscle segments located between the valves contract rhythmically

Question 8

Spleen

Answer 8

Cleanses blood
Flltration
Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes react to pathogens in the blood and destroy them

Question 9

White pulp

Answer 9

Lymphatic tissue

Question 10

Red pulp

Answer 10

Venous sinuses filled with blood and lymphatic cells

Question 11

Tonsils

Answer 11

Masses of lymphoid tissue in area of throat

Question 12

Palentine tonsils

Answer 12

Located at each side of soft palate

Question 13

Pharyngeal tonsil

Answer 13

Located behind nose posterior wall of upper pharynx

Question 14

Peyers patches

Answer 14

Masses of lymphatic tissue

Question 15

Thymus

Answer 15

Plays key role in immune system

Question 16

Lymph nodes

Answer 16

Filter the lymph
Lymph comes in one end through battle vessels
Lymph exits opposite end

Question 17

Pathogens

Answer 17

Any disease causing agent
Protozoa
Bacteria
Virus

Question 18

Nonspecific defenses

Answer 18

Effective against any harmful agent

Question 19

Specific defenses

Answer 19

Effective against certain agent only

Question 20

Chemical protection

Answer 20

Trap particles
Body secretions like tears perspiration and saliva
Wash away micro organisms
May contain enzymes and other chemicals to destroy invaders

Question 21

Interferon

Answer 21

Group of substances that prevent nearby cells from producing more virus
Only good against VIRUSES

Question 22

Compliment system

Answer 22

Used to enhance immune reactions
Series of chemical reactions involving many different proteins
Destroy bacteria

Question 23

Phagocytes

Answer 23

White blood cells take in and destroy waste and foreign material

Question 24

Natural killer cells

Answer 24

Type of lymphocyte
Can recognize body cells with abnormal membranes

Question 25

Antigen

Answer 25

Foreign substances that enter body and induces immune response by certain lymphocytes

Question 26

B cells

Answer 26

Antibody mediated immunity

Question 27

T cells

Answer 27

Cell mediated immunity

Question 28

Plasma cells

Answer 28

Produces antibodies

Question 29

Antibody structure

Answer 29

Y shapes structure 4 chains of amino acids linked by sulfur

Question 30

How antibodies work

Answer 30

Prevent attachment of pathogens ex viruses cannot invade cell Cause clumping of pathogens Neutralize toxins Aid pathogens Activate natural killer cells Activate compliment

Question 31

Inflammation

Answer 31

Response to an irritant Inflammatory reaction

Question 32

Fever

Answer 32

As phagocytes work, they release substances that raise body temperature Stimulates phagocytes Increase metabolism

Question 33

Helper cells

Answer 33

Release interleukins that stimulate other lymphocytes

Question 34

Cytotoxic cells

Answer 34

Destroy foreign cells directly by secreting chemicals to destroy cell

Question 35

Supresor cells

Answer 35

Suppress immune response to prevent over activity

Question 36

Macrophages

Answer 36

Engulf pathogens and display antigens on their surface or surface of a B cells on MHC molecules

Question 37

Allergic reactions

Answer 37

Immune attack a non harmful substance Can damage tissue

Question 38

Allergens

Answer 38

Antigens trigger allergic responses Invokes immunoglobulin IGE binds to mast cells or basophils cause them to release histamine