Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Mechanoreceptors
A
Respond to physical (mechanical) forces
2
Q
Meissners corpuscle
A
Found in upper portion of dermis, detects light touch.
3
Q
Pacinian receptor
A
Found in deeper dermis and hypodermic, detect pressure.
4
Q
Ruffini
A
Type of mechanoreceptor, found in dermis and detect stretch
5
Q
Krause end bulb
A
A type of mechanoreceptor, detects cold temperatures
6
Q
Muscle spindles
A
Monitor tension in muscle fibers.
7
Q
Golgi tendon organs
A
Monitor stretch in tendons.
8
Q
Hearing
A
Detect sound waves in cochlea.
9
Q
Balance
A
Detect movement of fluids in the inner ear.
10
Q
Thermoreceptors
A
Respond to temperature (cool and warm).
11
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
Respond to chemicals dissolved in solutions. Ex: tastebuds
12
Q
Olfactory
A
Receptors in Nasal cavity
13
Q
Nociceptors
A
Found all over body except brain.
14
Q
Gustation
A
Taste
15
Q
Adaption
A
Occurs when receptors are exposed to continuous stimulus.
16
Q
Smell..
A
Adapts quickly
17
Q
Pain receptors…
A
Do not adapt.
18
Q
Bitter taste
A
Stimulated by many organic molecules.
19
Q
Sour taste
A
Stimulated by acids.
20
Q
Salty taste
A
Stimulated by salts.
21
Q
Sweet taste
A
Stimulated by carbs
22
Q
Unami taste (meat)
A
Triggered by MSG
23
Q
Spicy foods activate…?
A
Pain receptors
24
Q
We have how many taste buds?
A
10,000
25
Vallate papilla
12 of these along back of tongue. Each had 100-300 taste buds.
26
Fungiform papilla
Entire surface of tongue, 5 taste buds each.
27
Foliate papilla
Along side of your tongue, sensitive when young.
28
Filiforme papilla
Contain tactile receptors, no taste buds.
29
Olfaction has how many receptors?
1,000 different odorant, can distinguish 10,000 sensations.
30
How does olfaction work?
Sends signals to olfactory bulb, to olfactory Tracy, to cerebrum.
31
Smell can trigger…?
Memories and emotions
32
Outer ear
Auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane
33
Middle ear
3 small bones (ossicles), pharyngotympanic tube
34
Inner ear
Vestibule, semicircular ducts, cochlea.
35
Auricle
Visible portion of ear, directs sound waves.
36
External acoustic meatus
Carries sound from outside to tympanic membrane
37
Cereminus
Produces ear wax
38
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum, vibrates as sound waves enter ear.
39
Ossicles
Small bones
40
Malleus
1/3 ossicles; “hammer”
41
Incus
2/3 ossicles, anvil
42
Stapes
3/3 ossicle, “stirrup”. Bangs on oval window (structure separates middle and inner ear.
43
Pharyngotympanic tube
Connects tympanic activity with throat
Allows pressure to equalize on both sides of tympanic membrane
(Opens and closes valve)
44
Vestibule and semicircular ducts
Important in equilibrium
45
Cochlea
Spiral shaped organ
Middle ear bone
46
Vibrations
Different pitches have different vibrations
47
Pitches
Vibrate mechanoreceptor in different regions of cochlea causes this
48
0 dB
Human threshold
49
30 dB
Whisper
50
50 dB
Normal conversation
51
90 dB
OSHA protection standards
52
100 dB
Chainsaw
53
115 dB
Car horn
54
120 dB
Rock concert
55
140 dB
Jet engine (painful)
56
180 dB
Rocket engine
57
1st step of path of sound
Sound waves gathered by Auricle
58
2nd step of path of sound
Travel down external acoustic meatus
59
3rd step of path of sound
Vibrate tympanic membrane
60
4th step of path of sound
Amplified by ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
61
5th step of path of sound
Stapes bangs against oval window
62
6th step of path of sound
Moves fluid in cochlea of inner ear
63
7th step of path of sound
Mechanoreceptors bend
64
8th step of path of sound
Sending signal to brain along vestibulocochlear nerve
65
9th step of path of sound
Interpreted in temporal lobe of cerebrum
66
Vestibule and semicircular ducts
Equilibrium sensory receptors are located here
67
Static equilibrium
Knowing position of head when not moving
68
Dynamic equallibrium
Knowing position of head when moving
69
Semicircular ducts
Oriented in 3 different directions
70
Anterior
Shaking head yes triggers what?
71
Lateral
Shaking head no triggers what)
72
Posterior
Tilting head from shoulder to shoulder triggers this
73
Conjunctiva
Lines eyelids, produces mucus to lubricate the eye
74
Lacrimal gland
Produces tears
75
Anterior cavity
Extends from cornea to lens
76
Cornea
Clear structure, forms anterior surface of eye. Bulges outward to help focus
77
Aqueous humor
Anterior cavity is filled with this
78
Posterior cavity
Extends from lens to retina (on back surface of the eye)
Filled with vitreous humor, helps hold retina against back eye
79
Sclera
White potion of eye
Covers entire eye except cornea
80
Choroid
Located inside of sclera
Provides blood to the retnia
81
Iris
Colored portion of the green eye
Controls how much light enters through pupil
82
Lens
Biconvex (2 bulging surfaces)
Thickness can be adjusted to focus light for seeing things that are near or far.
83
Cilliary muscle
Holds lens in place
84
Cataracts
Cloudy appearance to lens
85
Retnia
Along back of eye, has photoreceptors
86
Optic disc
Sheee optic nerve and blood vessels leaves eye
87
Fovea centralis
Indentation in back of retnia where dense cluster of photoreceptors
Produces sharp color vision
88
Mascullar degeneration
Loss of vision due to damage to the retnia
89
Refraction
Bending of light
90
Accommodation (sight)
Near point gets further out as you she. Pupils will constrict to view close objects
91
Binocular vision
Images can be seen with both eyes
Results from formation of two different retinal images
92
Peripheral vision
Vision outside of direct center
Loss results in tunnel vision
93
Emmetropic eye
Normal eye
94
Mytopia
Near sighted (able to focus on near but not distant objects)
95
Hypermetropia
Far sighted
96
Rods
Produces black and white images
Fuzzy
Good in low light
97
Cones
Produces color images
Red, green, blue
Sharp images
Requires bright light
98
Rhondopsin
Derivative of vitamin A used in rods
99
Color blindness
Inability to distinguish the full range of colored
Caused by deficient numbers of cones.
100
Red green
This is the most common color blindness
