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Biology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Branched airways leafing from trachea to air sacs of lungs

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2
Q

Bronchi

A

Largest passageways
Left and right main bronchus lead from trachea
Left branches into 2 and right branches into 3 lobar bronchi

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3
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller branches of the segmental bronchi
Intralobular terminal and respiratory bronchioles

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4
Q

Lead to aveoli

A

Thin walled microscopic air sacs
Respiratory bronchioles end in alveolar sac that is lined with alveoli

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5
Q

Lungs

A

Organs where gas diffusion takes place

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6
Q

Left lung

A

Smaller 2 lobes superior and inferior lobes
Has indentation for heart

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7
Q

Right lung

A

Larger 3 lobes superior middle inferior lobes

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8
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box 

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9
Q

Sinuses

A

Small cavities lined with mucous membranes
Frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, ethmoid bones
Lower weight of skull

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10
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat; Carrie’s air to respiratory tract and food to digestive system

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11
Q

Nasopharnyx

A

Superior portion behind nasal cavity

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12
Q

Oropharnyx

A

Middle portion posterior to mouth

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13
Q

Laryngeal pharynx

A

Inferior portion opens into larynx and esophagus

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14
Q

Nostrils

A

Take in air

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15
Q

Nasal cavities

A

Lined with mucous membranes
Filters foreign bodies warms air moistens air

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16
Q

Hard palate

A

Separates nasal and oral cavities

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17
Q

Soft palate

A

Muscular arch and uvula

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18
Q

Nasal concha

A

3 projections that increase surface area of mucous membrane

Superior concha, middle concha, inferior concha

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19
Q

Ventilation

A

Air entering and leaving kings
Mucus membranes also help filter air

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20
Q

Pulmonary gas exchange

A

Takes place in alveoli of lungs
Exchange of gases between air in lungs and blood capillaries around alveoli
Oxygen moves from air into blood
Carbon dioxide out of blood into air of lungs

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21
Q

Systematic gas exchange

A

Exchange of gas from blood to body cells
Oxygen from blood to body tissue
Carbon dioxide from body tissues of blood

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22
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Use of oxygen in breaking down nutrients (sugar) to produce lots of ATP, produces carbon dioxide as waste product

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23
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Cells break down nutrients (sugar) without oxygen produces less ATP

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24
Q

Diaphragm

A

Large muscle
Separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Contracts and moves downward

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25
Intercostals
Smaller muscles between ribs Can elevate and depress rib cage to expand and depress thoracic cavity
26
External intercostals
Expand chest cavity and elevate ribs
27
Internal intercostals
Depress rib cage
28
Abdominal muscles
Used in forced exhalation Contract, push organs upwards, decrease thoracic cavity dimensions air leaves lungs
29
Inhalation
Drawing air into lungs Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards External intercostal muscles contract elevate and expand rib cage Volume of lung increases Compliance east at which lungs expand
30
Exhalation
Expulsion of air from lungs Aided by elastic recoil of lung tissue
31
Emphysema
Loss of elasticity of lung tissue Small airways collapse during exhalation impedes airflow and traps air in the lungs
32
Surface tension
Moisture doesn’t cause surface tension Alveoli doesn’t want to expand
33
Lung surfactant
Produced by cells in alveoli reduces surface tension
34
Residual volume
Some air always remains in lungs reduces risk of alveoli collapse
35
Respiratory distress syndrome
Premature Infanrs now given synthetic surfactant
36
Moving the plunger of a syringe causes air to move in or out
If increase volume pressure decreases air goes in If decrease volume pressure increases air goes out
37
Air moving in and out of the lungs occurs in similar way
Changing volume changing pressure and moves air Lungs are at rest the pressure on the inside of the lungs is equal to the pressure on the outside of the thorax
38
Respiratory muscles contract
Diaphragm moves down into abdominal cavity
39
Hyperna
Increased breathing is required to meet demand as during and following exercise or when the body lacks oxygen
40
Hyperventilation
Breathing faster or deeper than necessary
41
Hypoventilation
Breathing slower than needed holding your breath
42
Residual volume
Volume that remains in lungs at all times
43
Tidal volume
Volume of air moved in or out during a normal breath
44
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
45
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume that can be exhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
46
Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible
47
Central chemoreceptors
Located near medullary respiratory center Respond to raised co2 level or low increase breathing
48
Breathing patterns
Measured in breathe per minute Adults 12 to 20 Children 20 to 40 Infants more than 40
49
External exchange
Gasses move between alveoli and capillary blood
50
Internal exchange
Gassed move between blood and tissues
51
Oxygen in lungs
Inhaled air is around 21% oxygen Oxygen is less concentrated in blood Oxygen will move from inhaled to blood
52
Oxygen at body cells
Body cells are low in oxygen compared to blood Oxygen will move from blood to cells
53
Carbon dioxide in lungs
Inhaled air is around .04% of co2 Blood has more CO2 Carbon dioxide will move from blood to air
54
At body cells gas exchange
Cells have high co2 Blood has less co2 Carbon dioxide will move from cells to blood
55
Transport of oxygen
Most oxygen in capillary blood binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells Each hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules
56
Transport of oxygen pt2
Hemoglobin will release oxygen wherever Oxygen concentrations are low Carbon dioxide concentration are high ph of blood is low Temperatures are high
57
Carbon monoxide
Binds to same place of hemoglobin as oxygen Hemoglobin can’t release carbon monoxide as easily
58
Carbon dioxide travels in 3 ways
10% dissolved in plasma and fluid in red blood cells 20% combined with protein of hemoglobin and plasma protein 70% dissolved in blood fluid and is converted to bicarbonate ion
59
Hypercapnia
Too much carbon dioxide in the blood
60
Hypocapnia
Too little carbon dioxide in the blood usually results from rapid breathing
61
Hypoxia
Lower than normal oxygen
62
Hypoxia drive
Body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of co2 Occurs when body has sustained high co2 result of emphysema or other conditions

Biology (8 decks)

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