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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

The nervous system

A

the master controlling and communicating system of the body
its cells communicate using electrical and chemical signals

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2
Q

sensory input

A

relays information from sensory receptors about

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3
Q

sensory receptors

A

monitor internal and external enviromental changes

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4
Q

integration

A

processes and interprets sensory input

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5
Q

motor output

A

activates effector organs( muscles and glands) to produce a response

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6
Q

Central Nervous System

A

(CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord
interperets sensory input and dictates motor output

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

outside the brain and spinal cord
consists of nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What are two functional divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory afferent division and motor efferent division

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9
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

transmits impulses to smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands
sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical impulses

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12
Q

neurogilia (glial cells)

A

small cells that surround the neurons

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13
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in PNS like astrocytes

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14
Q

schwann cells

A

surrounds peripheral nerve fibers forming myelin sheaths like oligodendrocytes
vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

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15
Q

what are some body responses that can occur if the parasympathetic nervous system is activated

A

decreased heart rate, digestion

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16
Q

biosynthetic center

A

where proteins and membrane components are synthesized

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17
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

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18
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

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19
Q

dendrites

A

receptive region
short and branched
convey messages toward the cell body as short distance signals

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20
Q

axon

A

conducting region
generates action potentials which are transmitted along the neurons membrane to the axon terminal
communicates with effector organs such as muscles and glands

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21
Q

Mylination in the PNS

A

formed by schwann cell
protects and electrically insulates axon
increases speed of nerve impulse transmission

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22
Q

white matter

A

consists of dense collections of myelinated fibers

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23
Q

gray matter

A

consists of neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

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24
Q

multipolar

A

3 or more processes extend from the cell body
most common

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25
bipolar
2 processes extend from cell body Rare ex) retina and olfactory mucosa
26
unipolar
1 process extends from the cell body often function as sensory neurons
27
what are 3 types of functions that neurons have
sensory (afferent) Motor (efferent) interneurons
28
sensory(afferent)
transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS almost all have a unipolar structure
29
Motor(efferent)
carry impulses from CNS to effectors most have a multipolar structure
30
interneurons
lie between motor and sensory neurons shuttle signals through CNS pathways
31
what is the most likely structure of neurons contained within the sensory division of the PNS
unipolar
32
how might the manufactured protein be moved from the cell body to the axon terminal
microtubles
33
what type of signal is generated on the receptive region of a neuron
greater potential
34
what type of signal is generated on the conducting region of a neuron
action potential
35
voltage
the measure of potential energy generated by seperated electrical charges
36
current
refers to the flow of electrical charge between two points can be used to do work
37
leakage channels
channels that are always open
38
gated channels
channel that possess a gate the gate opens and closes in response to a change
39
what are 3 types of gated channels
Chemically gated voltage gated mechanically gated
40
chemically gated channel
requires neurotransmitter/chemical signal
41
voltage gated channel
change in voltage opens it
42
mechanically gated channel
open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors
43
what happens when gated channels open
ions diffuse quickly across the membrane along electrochemical gradients
44
how is a resting membrane potential generated
when a concentration of ions differs between the ICF and ECF when the plasma membrane is selectively permeable to specific ions
45
differences in ionic composition
the concentration of Na+ is greatest in the ECF
46
differences in plasma membrane permeability
membrane is impermable to protein anions in the ICF membrane is slightly permeble to Na+ ions membrane is more permable to K+ ion
47
when does the membrane potential change
when concentrations of ions across membrane change
48
what happens when the resting membrane potential of a neuron changes
the neuron produces two types of signals Graded potential and action potential
49
depolarization
decrease in membrane potential moves towards 0 and above probabliity of impulse increases
50
hyperpolarization
increase in membrane potential away from 0 inside of membrane becomes more negative probability of producing impulse decreases
51
the plasma membrane of a neuron is most permeable to
K+ ions
52
where do graded potentials usually occur
on dendrites or cell body
53
what are graded potentials triggered by
stimulus that opens gated ion channels
54
where do action potentials occur
axon of a neuron involves opening of specific voltage gated channels
55
Sodium potassium pump
after repolarization thousand of Na+/K+ pumps on the axon restore ionic conditions
56
what is threshold
refers to the voltage needed for the depolarization to become self-generating occurs between -55 and -55mV happens when Na+ influx exceeds K+ efflux
57
what are the two refractory periods of action potential
Absolute refractory period relative refractory period
58
absolute refractory period
time from opening of voltage gated Na+ channels until channels begin to reset enforces one way transmission to nerve impulses
59
relative refractory period
follows the absolute refrcatory period most of the voltage gated Na+ channels have reset to there resting state
60
continous propagation
occurs in nonmyelnated axons when each segment of the mebrane depolarizes and then repolarizes
61
saltatory conduction
occurs on myelinated axons
62
Group A fibers
large diameter myelinated fibers
63
group B fibers
intermediate diameter lightly myelinated fibers
64
64
group c fibers
smallest diameter unmyelinated ANS fibers
65
presynaptic neuron
neuron conducting impulses toward the synapse sends information
66
postsynaptic neuron
neuron transmitting electrical signal away from synapse
67
2 electrical synapses
Axon terminal and receptor region
68
axon terminal
releases neurotransmitters
69
receptor region
binds neurotransmitter and possess ion channel
70
synaptic cleft
this seperates the axon terminal and the receptor region
71
synaptic delay
time needed for the neurotransmitter to released diffuse across synapse and bind to receptors the rate limiting step of neural transmission
72
Postsynaptic potentials
type of graded potential
73
what are two type of postsynaptic potentials
EPSP- excitatory postsynaptic potentials (depol) IPSP- inhibatory postsynaptic potentials( hyperpol)
74
temporal summation
rapid firing ppf presynaptic neurons causes EPSPs that are close in time
75
spatial summation
if more than one persynaptic neuron fires at the same time EPSPs can be generated at different locations on the neuron
76
77
Synaptic potential
the repeated use of the synapse can enchance the presynaptic neurons ability to excite the postsynaptic neuron
78
neurotransmitters
small organic molecules release when a nerve signal reaches the axon terminal
79
Acetylcholine
excitatory effect on skeletal muscle inhibitory effect on cardiac muscle excitatory or inhibitory effect on smooth muscle and glands
80
biogenic amines
includes norepinephrine dopamine serotonin and histamine broadly distributed in the brain plays roles in emotional behavior and helps regulate biological clock
81
Peptides
includes endorphins which act a natural opiates to reduce pain perception
82
gases and lipids
include nitric oxide and carbon monoxide
83
indirect action
neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messagers producing broader longer lasting effects like hormones
84
neural integration
refers to neurons functioning together in groups
85
serial processing
input travels along one pathway to a specific destinatination this system works in all or none manner to produce a specific anticipated response
86
parallel processing
input travels along several pathways different parts of circuitry deal stimutaniously with the information
87
circuits
patterns of synaptic connections in neuronal pools
88
what are 4 types of circuits
diverging converging reverbertaing parallel after discharge
89
diverging circuits
one input many outputs an amplifying circuit
90
converging circuit
many inputs and one output
91
reverberating circuit
signal travels through a chain pf neurons each feeding back to previous neurons controls rythmatic activity
92
parallel after discharge circuit
signal stimulates neurons arranged in parallel arrays that eventually converge on single output cell
93
what is a activity that would utilize a revertabrating circuit
maintaining balance while riding a bike

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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