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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell

A

The structural and functional unit of life

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2
Q

What are all cells composed of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

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3
Q

what is a plasma membrane

A

flexible outer boundry

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4
Q

What is a cytoplasm

A

cellular material between the plasma membrane and nucleus

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5
Q

what is a nucleus

A

Control center

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6
Q

What does the plasma membrane do

A

plays a dynamic role in cellular activity by controlling what goes in and out of a cell
Seperates the ICF from the ECF

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7
Q

what do membrane protiens do

A

allows the cels to communicate wth its enviroment

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8
Q

What are integral protiens

A

firmly inserted into the membrane
Span the width of the membrane
have hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions

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9
Q

what are peripheral protiens

A

loosley attached to the membrane
associated with filaments on intracellular surface
many function on enzymes

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10
Q

what are 6 functions of membrane protiens

A

transport, receptors for signal transduction, attachment to cytoskelton and extracellular matrix, ezymatic activity, intercellular joining and cell cell recognition

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11
Q

what is enzymatic activity

A

a membrane protein may be an enzyme with its active site exposed t substances in the adjacent solution

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12
Q

what is intercellular joining

A

some membrane proteins provide a temporary binding sites for cell migration

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13
Q

what is cell cell recognition

A

some proteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells

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14
Q

what are membrane lipids

A

the lipid portion of the membrane acts as a barrier to ions and other water soluble compounds

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15
Q

hydrophillic heads

A

face watery enviroment of ICF and ECF

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16
Q

Hydrophobc fatty acid tails

A

face core of the membrane

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17
Q

What is glococalyx

A

consists of carbohydrates attached to membrane lipids and proteins
A sugar pattern that covers the cells surface
Serves as a biological marker for cell to cell recognition

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18
Q

what are 3 types of cell junctions

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions

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19
Q

what are tight junctions

A

prevents fluids and most molecules from moving between cells that are bound together

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20
Q

what are desmosomes

A

allows cells to withstand mechanical stresses such as stretching, bending and twisting

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21
Q

what are gap junctions

A

allows for coordination and communication between the bound cells

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22
Q

what types of junctions would allow the heart to fill and pump blood as a single unit?

A

Gap Junctions

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23
Q

what type of cell junction would be present between neighboring skin cells

A

tight junctions and desmosomes

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24
Q

which membrane protein will anchor a cell to its location in the presence of mechanical stress?

A

proten attached to the extracellular matrix

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25
what are two ways substances can cross a plasma membrane
passive processes Active processes
26
Passive Processes
does not require cellular energy (ATP) Move a substance down or along a concentration gradient
27
Active Processes
Requires energy (ATP) Moves a substance up or against its concentration gradient \ occurs only in living cell membranes
28
what are two different types of passive transport
Diffusion and Filtration
29
Diffusion
a simple tendency for molecules to move from a area of high concentration to their area of lower concentration
30
what is the rate of diffusion influenced by
molecule size and temperature
31
Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
involves an integral protein that acts as a carrier
32
what can enter a cell using carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
glucose, lipid insoluble solutes, amino acids
33
Channel mediated facilitated diffusion
does not posses a specific bonding cite transports water and small ions like sodium and potassium
34
what are two types of channels
Leakage channels and gated channels
35
leakage channels
these are always open
36
gated channels
the opening of these channels is controlled by chemical or electrical signals
37
Osmosis
involves the movement of water through a specific channel protein or through the lipid bilayer of the membrane
38
when does osmosis occur
whenever the water concentration differs on the two sides of the plasma membrane
39
why is osmosis important
because it can cause a cell to swell or shrink it changes a cells volume and can disrupt function especially if that cell is a neuron
40
Tonicity
ability of a solution to change the shape of a cell by altering its internal water volume
41
Isotonic
solution has same non penetrating solute concetration as cytosol
42
hypertonic
solution has non penetrating solute concentration than cytosol
43
hypotonic
solution has lower non penetrating solute concentration than cytosol
44
active transport includes?
includes primary active transport and secondary active transport
45
when do active processes occur
when a solute is to large for a channel when the solute is not lipid soluble
46
Primary active transport
energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes carrier protien to change shape pumping solutes across membrane EX) Na+ -K+ pump and calcium pumps
47
Sodium Potassium (Na+ -K+) Pump
Pumps Na+ and K+ ions against their concentration gradients Requires direct hydrolysis of ATP
48
Why does the cell expend up to 40% of its energy operating the Na+ -K pump ?
So that homeostasis can occur with respect to ion distrabutions in the ICF and ECF
49
Secondary active transport
Depends on ion concentration gradient that is created by primary active transport
50
Cotransport
always transports more than one substance at a time
51
symport system
substances transported in the same direction
52
Antiport system
substances transported in opposite directions
53
Vesicular transport
an active transport that moves fluid containing large particles across the membrane in a bubble-like sacs called vesicles
54
endocytosis
substances move into the cell
55
exocytosis
substances move out of the cell
56
RMP
Resting membrane potential
57
What is RMP
all living cells have a electric charge difference across there plasma membrane
58
electrochemical gradient
considers the influence of both electrical and chemical concentration forces
59
how is resting membrane potential maintained
the RMP is maintained through the Na+ -K+ pump which continusly ejects 3Na+ out of the cell and brings 2K+ back inside
60
Cytosol
water with solutes like proteins salts and sugars
61
organelles
the internal structures of a cell that carry out specilized functions
62
inclusions
accumulated cell products like glycogen granualtes or fat droplets
63
examples of membranous
Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lymosomes, endo plasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
64
what are mitochondria
structures that provide the cell with large amounts of ATP so the cell can perform functions
65
cellular respiration
aerobic meaning it requires oxygen
66
ribosomes
organelle that reads genetic messages and assesmbles amino acids into proteins
67
free ribosomes
float in the cytosol synthesize proteins for use within the cell
68
membrane bound ribosomes
attach to membranes forming rough ER they make protiens that will be incorparated into the cell's membrane, lymosomes or exported from cell
69
what are two types of endoplasmic reticulum
rough ER and smooth ER
70
what are the functions of the Rough ER
manufactures all proteins secreted from cells synthesizes integral proteins and phospholipids that are incorporated into cell membranes
71
smooth ER
network of tubules continous with rough ER
72
what are the functions of the smooth ER
detoxifies drugs some pesticides and cancer causing chemicals stores and releases calcium in skeletal and cardiac muscle
73
golgi apparatus
consists of stacked and flattened membranous sacs
74
what is the function of the golgi apparatus
modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids made in the rough ER
75
what are lymosomes
known as the demolition crew
76
what is the function of a lymosomes
breaks down particles that have been injested by the cell such as bacteria viruses and toxins Degrades stressed or dead cells and nonfunctional organells
77
what are peroxisomes
they resemble lymosomes but contain different enzymes
78
what are free radicals
highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of biological molecules
79
what is the function of a peroxisomes
neutralize dangerous free radicles
80
what is the cytoskelton of a cell
an elaborate network of three types of rods microfilaments, intermidiate filaments and microtubules
81
how does the cytoskeleton act as the cells internal skeleton
supports cell structure during mechanical stress allows for cell motility and or changes in its shape
82
Cilia
whiplike motile extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surface of a cell
83
What does ciliary action do
moves substances across the cells surface
84
Flagella
Longer than Cilia and propels an entire cell
85
microvilli
tiny fingerlike extentions of plasma membrane increases the surface area of a cells plasma membrane
86
Nucleus
largest organelle and contains the genetic library of blue prints for synthesis of cellular proteins
87
cell division
essential for body growth and tissue repair occurs continously in some cells
88
mitosis
the division of the nucleus
89
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm
90
what can contribute to respiratory acidosis
asthma attack
91

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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