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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Muscle tissue

A

consists of muscle cells specialized for contraction
Muscle cells transform the chemical energy in ATP into mechanical energy

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

in the heart
propels blood through cardiovasuclar system
involuntary muscle

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4
Q

smooth muscle

A

moves fluids and solids along digestive track
in walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, urinary bladder and airways
involuntary muscle

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5
Q

skeletal muscle

A

moves body by pulling on bones
each muscle is a organ which is primary muscle cells plus connective tissues, nerves and blood vessels
Voluntary muscle

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6
Q

Excitability

A

ability to receive and respond to stimuli

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7
Q

contractility

A

abilty to shorten forcibly when stimulated

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8
Q

extensibility

A

ability to be stretched

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9
Q

elasticity

A

ability to recoil to resting length

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10
Q

what are some important muscle functions

A

movement of bones or fluids
maintains posture and body position
stabalizes joints
generates heat
encloses and protects internal organs
stores the nutrient glycogen

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11
Q

skeletal muscle

A

is reinforced by connective tissue sheaths
Blood vessles and nerves

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12
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding entire muscle may blend in with fascia

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13
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding fasicicles

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14
Q

fasicicles

A

groups of muscle fibers

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15
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding each indidvidual muscle fiber
superficial to the sarcolema

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16
Q

fascia

A

helps anchor skin to the deeper muscle

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17
Q

what is the activity of the skeletal muscle controlled by

A

motor nerves of the nervous system

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18
Q

Sarcolemma

A

refers to the skeletal muscle fibers plasma membrane
can transmit action potential

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19
Q

sarcoplasm

A

refers to the cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle fiber

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20
Q

what 3 modified structures are found in the skeletal muscle cell

A

Myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubels

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21
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

SR
stores calcium and releases it when msucle is stimulated to contract
is smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril

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22
Q

T-Tubules

A

transverse
generate action potential deep into muscle fibers surface area
portions of the sarcollema that protrude inward increasing the muscle fibers surface area

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23
Q

Myofibrils

A

densely packed rodlike elements that make up 80% of the skeletal muscle cells volume
Contain sarcomeres

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24
Q

Thick Filament

A

composed of a protein called myosin
myosin molecule has a rodlike tail and globular head

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25
Globular head
the business end of myosin
26
what does the globular head contain
binding cites for actin of thin filiaments binding sites for ATP ATPase enzymes
27
Thin Filament
composed of protein called actin
28
Triad
two terminal cisterns + one T Tubule
29
what structure lies superficial to the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle
endomysium
30
name two contractile proteins of the skeletal muscle
Actin and myosin
31
the contractile protiens of skeletal muscle are
fibrous proteins
32
what two structures generate and propagate action potential on a skeletal muscle fiber
motor neuron and sarcolemma
33
how does the sliding filament model work
the nervous system stimulates the muscle fiber which allows the thick and thin filaments to bind forming a cross bridge
34
Cross bridges
they form and break several times pulling thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere causing the muscle fibers to shorten
35
excitable cell
can change its resting membrane potential voltage
36
ion channels
play a major role in changing the resting membrane potential of a neuron and skeletal muscle
37
what are the two classes of ion channels
Chemically gated ion channels Voltage gated ion channels
38
Chemically gated ion channels
opened by chemical messengers such as neurotransmitters these channels are often refered to as ligand gated channels
39
Voltage gated ion channels
open or close in response to voltage changed in the resting membrane potential
40
what four steps must occur for a skeletal muscle to contract
events of neuromuscular junction muscle fiber excitation excitation contraction coupling cross bridge cycling
41
neuromuscular junction
the region where the axon and skeletal muscles are in close proximity
42
axon terminal
the expanded end of the motor neuron
43
synaptic cleft
space between the axon terminal and muscle fiber
44
synaptic vesicles
sac like structures found in axon terminal that contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
45
Junctional folds
folded region of the neuromuscular junction that contain ACh receptors
46
destruction of Acetylcholine
ACh is quickly terminated by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
47
end plate potential
ACh is released from motor neuron binds to ACh receptors on sarcolemma
48
Depolarization
generation and propagation of an action potential
49
Repolarization
restoration of resting conditions voltage gated Na+ channels close and voltage gated K+ channels open
50
what causes the opening of voltage gated calcium channels on the axon terminal
the arrival of action potential
51
Is the movement of calcium into the axon terminal active or passive
passive
52
what is functional signifigance of the junctional folds in the sarcolemma
to increase the surface area avalible for ACh receptors
53
Excitation Contraction Coupling
events that transmit AP along sarcolemma are coupled to sliding of filaments
54
Cross Bridge cycle
refers to events that occur as the head of thick filament pulls the thin filament toward the M line of sarcomere continues if Ca2+ signal and adequate ATP are present
55
Cross bridge formation
high energy myosin head of thick filament attaches to thin filament
56
working power stroke
myosin head piviots and pulls thin filament toward M line
57
cross bridge detachment
ATP attaches to myosin head and cross bridge detaches
58
Role of Calcium
when Ca2 is pumped into the SR intracellular Ca2 concentration falls
59
Rigor mortis
3-4 hours after death muscles begin to stiffen reaching peak rigiidity( stiffness) at 12 hours postmortem
60
what single event links the excitation stage to the contraction stage of the coupling
the release of calcium ions
61
motor unit
consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies or innervates multiple motor unts can innervate a single muscle
62
muscle twitch
it is a single motor units response to a single action potential it is the simplest contraction observable in lab using myogram twitchs can very n their strength and duration depending on properties of the muscle
63
what are the three phases of a muscle twitch
latent period, period of contraction and period of relaxation
64
latent period
events of excitation contraction coupling occurs and no muscle tension is generated
65
period of contraction
cross bridge formation occurs and tension increases
66
period of relaxation
Ca2+ reentry into SR tension declines to zero
67
Graded muscle response
means that the stregnth of muscle contractions can vary depending on the task to be completed
68
what allows skeletal muscle to respond in this graded manner
changes in frequency of the stimulation changes in the strength of the stimulation
69
wave temporal summation
results if two stimuli are received by the muscle in rapid succession
70
Fused complete tetanus
is one smooth muscle substained contraction because the twitches fuse together
71
Recruitment
if the stregnth of the stimulus increases then more motor units are activated allowing for graded muscle responses
72
what are two isotonic contractions
Concentric contraction, eccentric contraction
73
Concentric contractions
muscle shortens as it generates tension
74
eccentric contractions
muscle lengthens as it generates tension
75
isometric contraction
muscle neither shortens nor lengthens as tension is generated however the tension can vary
76
muscle tone
refers to constant slightly contracted state of skeletal muscle tone keeps a muscle firm healthy and ready to respond
77
when is ATP utilized during muscle contraction
ATP moves the myosin head into the high energy position and it detaches cross bridges ATP opperates calcium pumps in SR ATP operates Na+& K+ pump after excitation contraction coupling
78
direct phosphorylation
occurs in skeletal muscle after stored ATP is depleted
79
what happens during direct phosphorylation
creatine phosphate donates its phosphate group to ADP
80
anaerobic pathway (Glycolysis)
occurs when CP and stored ATP have been exhausted occurs in cytosol and does not require the presence of oxygen generates ATP quickly without the use of oxygen
81
what happens during glycolysis
glucose from the breakdown of glycogen is catabolized further generating 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules
82
aerobic pathway (cellular respiration)
occurs during rest and light- moderate activity this pathway occurs in the muscles mitochondria and uses oxygen to generate ATP produces 95% of muscles ATP
83
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption
returns the muscle to its resting state
84
what is the velocity and duration of a muscle contraction influenced by
muscle fiber type, load and recruitment
85
how does a muscle tissue adapt to exercise
the muscle undergoes hypertrophy leading to increased size of muscle fibers, formation of more myofibrils and greater glycogen storage
86
hypertrophy
muscle is getting larger in size
87
how does muscle tissue adapt to disuse
muscle mass declines as protein degradation outweighs protein synthesis resulting in atrophy
88
contraction of a smooth muscle
contractions are slow and synchronized smooth muscles contractions are regulated by nerves, hormones and local chemical changes
89
smooth muscles response to stretch
will spontaneously contract for a breif period when it is stretched it will adapt to its new length and relax while retaining the ability to contract
90
list two factors that will determine how quickly a muscle will contract
muscle fiber type and load
91
which regulatory protein has binding sites for calcium
troponin
92
what muscular structure regualtes intracellular levels of ionic calcium
sarcoplasmic reticulum
93
what prevents thin filaments from sliding back to their original position each time a myosin head detaches during muscle contraction
the continued presence of calcium and ATP

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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