Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
Produce skeletal movements
A
Muscle contractions pull on tendons and move bones of the skeleton
2
Q
Maintain body posture and position
A
Tension and skeletal muscles maintain body posture
3
Q
Support soft tissue
A
Internal organs
4
Q
Guard entrances and exits
A
Openings of digestion and urinary tract
5
Q
Maintenance of body temperature
A
Heat released by working muscles
6
Q
Store nutrients
A
Proteins are broken down and used for energy
7
Q
Cardiac muscle
- example
- what do cells look like
- Number of nuclei
- are striations present
- voluntary or involuntary
A
- Heart
- Cells are branched, intercalated discs
- Single nucleus
- Yes
- involuntary
8
Q
Skeletal muscle
- example
- what do cells look like
- Number of nuclei
- are striations present
- voluntary or involuntary
A
- Skeletal muscles
- cells are very long and cylindrical
- Multinucleated
- yes
- Voluntary muscle
9
Q
Smooth muscle example -what do cells look like -Number of nuclei -are striations present -voluntary or involuntary
A
- Walls of blood vessels, lining digestive and urinary and reproductive organs
- cells are short and spindle-shaped
- Single nucleus
- No
- Involuntary muscle
10
Q
Arrangement of skeletal muscle cells
- What do they form
- what are the patterns based on
- Four major patterns
A
Form bundles called fascicles
- Organization of the fascicles
- parallel, convergent, circular, Pennate
11
Q
Six functions of the muscular system
A
- Produce skeletal movements
- Maintain body posture and position
- Support soft tissue
- Guard entrances and exits
- Maintenance of body temperature
- Store nutrients
12
Q
Parallel
- definition
- common?
- contraction
A
- fascicles are parallel to long axis of the muscle
- most muscles in the body are this type
- muscle shortens and gets larger in diameter
13
Q
convergent
- definition
- contraction
A
- fascicles extend over a broad area and converge on one attachment site; very versatile
- contraction of different portions can change direction of pull
14
Q
circular
- definition
- contraction
A
- fascicles are arranged as concentric rings/circles around an opening
- contraction causes diameter of opening to decrease
15
Q
Pennate
- definition
- unipennate
- bipennate
- multipennate
- contraction
A
- fascicles form a common angle with tendon
- all fascicles are on same side
- fascicles are on 2 sides
- tendon branches
- cannot move tendon as far as parallel muscle but can produce more tension because have more muscle fiber
16
Q
3 Key principles on how muscles produce movement
A
- Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones
- Muscles operate as part of a lever system
- Muscles work in groups rather than individually
17
Q
Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones
-attachment sites
A
origin and insertion
18
Q
origin
A
place where fixed end attaches to a bone, cartilage or connective tissue
19
Q
insertion
A
site where movable end attaches
20
Q
what happens to the origin and insertion during contraction
A
muscle contraction causes muscle to shorten and moves the insertion toward the origin
21
Q
lever
- definition
- when does a lever move
A
- rigid structure that moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum
- when the applied force is sufficient to overcome the resistance
22
Q
- lever
- fulcrum
- applied force
- load
A
- bone
- joint
- muscle
- weight of an object held, weight of a limb or weight of the entire body
23
Q
3 classes of levers
- first class lever
- second class lever
- third class lever
A
- fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load
- load is located between the applied force and the fulcrum (least common class)
- force is applied between the load and fulcrum (most common class)
24
Q
3 roles of the muscles
A
- agonist
- antagonist
- synergist
25
agonist
- prime mover
| - muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement
26
antagonist
muscle who action opposes that of a particular agonist
27
Synergist
- helps a larger agonist work more efficiently
| - may provide additional pull or may stabilize the origin
28
how muscles are named (examples)
- direction of muscle fibers
- location
- position
- shape
- size
- origin and insertion
- number of origins
- action
- oblique, rectus
- abdominus, brachialis, femoris
- lateralis, interus, exterus
- deltoid, orbicularis, trapezuis
- longus, magnus
- sternocleidomastoid
- biceps, triceps, quadriceps
- adductor
29
5 muscles of the head
1. frontalis
2. Orbicularis oris
3. temporalis
4. Sternocleidomastoid
5. masseter
30
Frontalis
- origin
- insertion
- action
- aponeurosis
- galea aponeurotica
- skin of forehead
- wrinkles forehead and elevates eyebrows
- flattened tendon
31
Orbicularis oris
- origin
- insertion
- action
- what is it known as
- mandible and maxillary via muscle fibers surrounding lips
- lips
- closes and presses lips against teeth; protrudes lips during speech and kissing
- kissing muscle
32
Temporalis
- origin
- insertion
- action
- what is it known as
- temporal bone
- mandible
- muscle of mastication; elevates mandible
- chewing muscle
33
Sternocleidomasseter
- 2 origins
- insertion
- 2 actions (contraction of both, contraction of one)
- manubrium of the sternum and clavicle
- temporal bone (mastoid process)
- flexes the head at the neck
- tilts head toward the shoulder of the contracting muscle and rotates the face to the opposite side
34
Masseter
- origin
- insertion
- action
- zygomatic arch
- mandible
- muscle of mastication; elevates mandible
- chewing muscle
35
5 muscles of the upper trunk
1. pectoralis major
2. deltoid
3. external intercostals
4. latissimus dorsi
5. trapezius
36
pectoralis major
- 3 origins
- insertion
- 3 actions
- known as
- clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages
- humerus (intertubercular groove)
- flexes, adducts, and rotates humerus medially at shoulder
- hugging muscle
37
deltoid
- 2 origins
- insertion
- action
- clavicle and scapula
- humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
- abducts humerus at shoulder
38
external intercostals
- origin
- insertion
- action
- when does contraction occur
- inferior border of upper ribs (outside and in between ribs)
- superior border of lower rib
- muscle of respiration; elevates rib cage in normal inspiration
- during inhalation
39
Latissimus dorsi
- 4 origins
- insertion
- 3 actions
- known as
- white part
- midline of lower back, lumbodorsal fascia, spinous processes of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebraes, lower ribs
- humerus (intertubercular groove)
- extends, adducts and rotates medially
40
trapezius
- 4 origins
- 2 insertions
- action
- midline of neck and back: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
- clavicle and scapula (acromion and spine)
- several nerves supply different parts of the trapezius providing a variety of possible actions depending on which part is stimulated; extends head; elevates, depresses and rotates scapula; elevates clavicle
41
supraspinatus
- origin
- insertion
- action
- scapula (posterior surface)
- greater tubercle of humerus
- abduction at the shoulder
42
Infraspinatus
- origin
- insertion
- action
- scapula (posterior surface)
- greater tubercle of the humerus
- lateral rotation at the shoulder
43
Teres Minor
- origin
- insertion
- action
- scapula (lateral surface)
- greater tubercle of the humerus
- lateral rotation at the shoulder
44
Subscapularis
- origin
- insertion
- action
- scapula (anterior surface)
- lesser tubercle of the humerus
- medial rotation at the shoulder
45
2 abdominal muscles
1. external abdominal oblique
| 2. Rectus abdominus
46
External abdominal oblique
- origin
- insertion
- 2 actions (Contraction of both,contraction of 1)
- location
- how do fibers run
- lower ribs
- linea alba
- flexes vertebral column
- flexes vertebral column to one side and supports and compresses abdominal viscera
- outside abdomen
- angle
47
linea alba
fibrous band in the midline of the abdomen
48
Rectus abdominus
- origin
- 2 insertions
- 2 actions
- divided by
- increase abdominal pressure
- pubis
- sternum (xiphoid process) and costal cartilages of some ribs
- flexes vertebral column; supports and compresses abdominal viscera
- urination deification, vomiting, parturition (child birth)
49
3 Anterior arm muscles
1. biceps brachii
2. brachialis
3. brachioradialis
50
Biceps brachii
- origin (short head, long head)
- insertion
- action
- scapula (coracoid process); scapula (tubercle above glenoid cavity)
- radius
- flexes, elbow and shoulder; supinates forearm
51
Brachialis
- origin
- insertion
- action
- compare to brachii
- arises from
- anterior humerus
- ulna
- flexes elbow
- deep
- arises directly from periosteum
52
Brachioradialis
- origin
- insertion
- action
- humerus (lateral epicondyle)
- Radius (near styloid process)
- flexes elbow and forearm
53
1 Posterior arm muscle
triceps brachii
54
triceps brachii
- 3 origins
- insertion
- action
- where does the medial head arise from
- lateral head (lateral humerus); medial head (posterior humerus); long head (scapula -tubercle below glenoid cavity)
- ulna (olecranon process)
- extends elbow and forearm
- from periosteum
55
4 anterior leg muscles
1. Sartiorus
2. gracilis
3. adductor longus
4. adductor magnus
56
Sartiorus
- origin
- insertion
- action
- example
- illium (anterior superior iliac spine)
- medial tibia
- flexes hip and knee and rotates thigh laterally
- crossing your legs
- longest muscle
57
Gracilis
- origin
- insertion
- action
- pubis
- medial tibia
- adducts femur and flexes knee (flexion of the leg)
- most medial of thigh muscles
58
Adductor longus
- origin
- insertion
- action
- pubis
- femur (linea aspera), posterior femur
- adducts and extends thigh
59
Quadriceps femoris
- definition
- 4 muscles
- largest muscle group
- 1. rectus femoris
2. vastus laterlis
3. vastus medius
4. vastus intermedius
60
rectus femoris
- origin
- common tendon
- where does the tendon insert
- action
- illium (anterior inferior iliac spine)
- patellar ligament
- tibia (tibial tuberosity)
- extends knee, flexes hip (extends leg and flexion of thigh, ONLY one that crosses the hip joint)
61
```
Vastus lateralis
-origin
-common tendon
where does the tendon insert
-action
```
- femur (greater trochanter)
- patellar ligament
- tibia (tibial tuberosity)
- extends knee (extension of leg)
62
```
vastus medius
-origin
-common tendon
where does the tendon insert
-action
```
- femur (linea aspera)
- patellar ligament
- tibia (tibial tuberosity)
- extends knee (leg)
63
```
vastus intermedius
-origin
-common tendon
where does the tendon insert
-action
-arises from
```
- femur (anterior and lateral aspects)
- patellar ligament
- tibia (tibial tuberosity)
- extends knee (leg)
- periosteum
64
Tibialis Anterior
- origin
- 2 insertions
- action
- tibia (lateral condyle and shaft)
- tarsal and metatarsal
- dorsiflexes and inverts foot
65
Shin splints
stress factors of the tibia, inflamation of periosteum, tendonitis of anterior leg
66
7 posterior leg muscles
1. Gluteus maximus
2. gluteus medius
3. biceps femoris
4. semitendinosus
5. Semimembranosus
6. Gastrocnemius
7. Soleus
67
Gluteus maximus
- 3 origins
- 2 insertions
- action
- pelvis (illium, sacrum, coccyx) and lumbodorsal fascia
- iliotibial tract and femur
- extends and rotates femur laterally (extension and rotation at hip)
68
iliotibial tract
fibrous band on the surface of the leg that inserts on lateral tibia
69
Gluteus medius
- origin
- insertion
- action
- preffered site for what
- illium (lateral surface)
- femur (greater trochanter)
- abducts and medially rotates thigh
- intramuscular injections
70
Biceps femoris
- origin (long head, short head)
- 2 insertions
- action
- ishium (ishial tuberosity); femur (linea aspera)
- fibula (head) and tibia (lateral condyle)
- flexes the knee and extends the thigh (flexion of the leg)
71
Semitendinosus
- origin
- insertion
- action
- Ishium (ishial tuberosity)
- medial tibia
- flexes knee (leg)
72
Semimembranosus
- origin
- insertion
- action
- ishium (ishial tuberosity)
- tibia (medial condyle)
- flexes knee (leg)
73
gastrocnemius
- origin
- insertion
- action
- femur (lateral and medial condyles)
- achilles tendon to calcaneous
- plantar flexes and inverts foot; flexes knee
74
Soleus
- 2 origins
- insertion
- action
- fibula (head) and tibia (medial)
- achilles tendon to calcaneous
- plantar flexes and inverts foot but does not dross knee
