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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The Skeletal system

-5 functions

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of minerals
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Protection
  5. Movement
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2
Q

Classification of bones by shape

-6 shapes

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid
  6. Sutural
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3
Q

Long bone

  • definition
  • 6 examples
A
  • Relatively long and
    1. Arm
    2. Forearm
    3. Thigh
    4. Leg
    5. Fingers
    6. Toes
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4
Q

Short bone

  • definition
  • 2 examples
A
  • cube like; greater in width then length
    1. wrist
    2. ankle bones
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5
Q

Flat bone

  • definition
  • 3 examples
A
  • thin and flat

1. sternum, skull bones, ribs

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6
Q

Irregular bone

  • definition
  • 3 examples
A
  • complex shapes
    1. vertebrae
    2. sphenoid
    3. os coxae
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7
Q

Sesamoid

  • definition
  • example
A
  • “sesame seed” shape

- patella

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8
Q

Sutural

  • definition
  • location
A
  • small, flat, and irregularly shaped

- located between flat bones of skull

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9
Q

Periosteum

  • definition
  • 3 functions
A
  • fibrous and cellular layer
    1. Protection
    2. Growth and prepare
    3. Provides route for blood vessel entry
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10
Q

Endosteum

-3 functions

A
  1. Lines marrow cavity
  2. connective tissue and cells
  3. Growth and repair
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11
Q

Nutrient artery

A

main blood supply to bone

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12
Q

Marrow cavity

  • what is it also known as
  • what does it contain
A
  • “medullary”

- contains yellow marrow (fat)

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13
Q

Spongy bone

  • what is it also known as
  • definition
A
  • “cancellous” or “trabecular”

- Porous and contains red bone marrow

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14
Q

Compact bone

A
  • dense
  • surrounds bone
  • deep to periosteum
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15
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

starts as cartilage and ends as bone

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16
Q

Basic functional unit of mature contact bone

A

osteon

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17
Q

Osteon

  • what type of system
  • definition
A
  • Haversian system

- arrangement of osteocytes in lacunae in concentric circles

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18
Q

Central Canal

  • aka
  • definition
A
  • haversian canal

- contains blood vessels (artery and vein) and nerves

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19
Q

Osteocyte

  • definition
  • housed where
  • function
A
  • mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix (most mature)
  • in lacunae
  • maintains protein and mineral content of bone
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20
Q

Canaliculi

  • definition
  • which way does it run
A
  • small passageways that link lacunae to the central canal

- vertically

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21
Q

lamellae

A

matrix rings

22
Q

Perforating canal

  • aka
  • which way does it run
A
  • volkman’s canal

- runs horizontally

23
Q

Spongy bone in haversian system

A

Forms struts and plates = trabeculae

24
Q

Composition of bone

  • cells
  • matrix
A
  • only makes up 2% of tissue and are far apart

- most abundant component (98%) and include organic and inorganic

25
Q

Osteoblast

  • definition
  • 2 functions
A
  • immature bone cell
    1. secretes organic components of matrix
    2. bone builders
26
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell

-definition

A

Bone stem cells whose division produces osteoblasts (least mature)

27
Q

Osteoclasts

  • definition
  • function
A
  • multinucleate cell

- secretes enzymes to dissolve bone matrix (breaks down bone)

28
Q

Inorganic bone matrix

  • carbon?
  • what is it made up of
  • what does it form
  • what does it provide
A
  • no carbon
  • calcium and phosphorus salts
  • forms hydroapatites ~65%
  • Provides strength to matrix
29
Q

Organic bone matrix

  • what elements does it include
  • what is it made up of
  • function
A
  • carbon and hydrogen
  • collagen fibers (~35%)
  • Tough yet flexible = provides tolerance to distortion
30
Q

when does ossification occur?

A

about 6 weeks after fertilization

31
Q

2 types of ossification

A
  1. intramembranous ossification

2. Endochondral ossification

32
Q

Intramembraneous ossification

  • definition
  • 2 examples
  • key point
  • 5 steps
A
  • within a membrane (forms in dermis)
  • most of skull, clavicle
  • bone are built from a fibrous connective tissue membrane
    1. ossification center formed in fibrous membrane
    2. Osteocytes deposit minerals
    3. Blood vessels
    4. Formation of a plate of spongy bone
    5. Periosteum surrounds the entire bone
33
Q

Ossification center formed in fibrous membrane

-3 things happen

A
  • mesenchymal cells cluster and develop into osteoblasts
  • osteoblasts begin secreting organic component of bone matrix
  • this group of osteoblasts forms an ossification center
34
Q

Osteocytes deposit mineral salts

-3 things happen

A
  • osteoblasts develop into osteocytes
  • osteocytes deposit calcium salts in matrix (calcification)
  • Developing bone growth outward in small struts called spicules
35
Q

Blood vessels recruitment

-3 things happen

A
  • blood vessels grown between spicules
  • rate of bone growth accelerates
  • blood vessels become trapped within the bone
36
Q

Formation of a plate of spongy bone

-2 things happen

A
  • continued deposition of bone by osteoblasts

- blood vessels are found weaving through

37
Q

Periosteum surrounds the entire bone

-2 things happen

A
  • spongy bone is formed initially and is remodeled to produce compact bone
  • periosteum develops around the bone
38
Q

Endochondral ossification

  • definition
  • key point
  • 5 steps
A
  1. Cartilage model enlarges
  2. Blood vessels grow around edges
  3. Invasion of vessels and formation of marrow cavity. Primary ossification center formed in diaphysis
  4. Secondary ossification center formed in epiphyses. Marrow cavity is created as osteoclasts become active
  5. Remaining cartilage (articular cartilage and epipyseal plate)
39
Q

The growth of bones

-2 ways

A
  1. Appositional growth

2. Epiphyseal growth

40
Q

Appositional growth

-definition

A
  • grow in width

- cells of the periosteum (osteoblasts add layers of bone)

41
Q

Epiphyseal

  • definition
  • what does it include
  • direction of cartilage growth
A
  • grow in length
  • epipyseal plate
  • upwards
42
Q

Age at which bone growth in length ends? why?

A

18-25 years old
-epiphyseal cartilage has closed and formed the epiphyseal line because bone production became greater than cartilage growth

43
Q

Factors affecting bone growth

-3 things

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Hormones
  3. Exercise
44
Q

Nutrition

A
  • calcium and phosphorus
  • vitamin D = Necessary for absorption of Ca++ in the gut
  • vitamins A, C, K, B12 = Stimulate osteoblasts and protein synthesis
45
Q

Hormones

  • definition
  • 5 types
A
  • chemical messengers
    1. Growth hormones
    2. Thyroid hormone
    3. Sex hormone
    4. Calcitonin
    5. Parathyroid hormone
46
Q

growth hormone

A

promotes growth of bones by stimulating osteoblasts

47
Q

thyroid hormone

A

Promotes bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts

48
Q

Sex hormone

A

Testosterone + estrogen stimulate bone growth

49
Q

Calcitonin

A

works to decrease blood Ca++ levels by stimulating osteoblasts
-regulates Ca++ in blood

50
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

works to increase blood Ca++ levels by stimulating osteoclasts
-regulates Ca++ in blood

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (17 decks)

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