Chapter 5 Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
The integumentary system
-two major components
A
- The skin : cutaneous structures
2. Accessory structures
2
Q
The skin
- how many layers
- name the layers
A
- 3
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
- Epidermis
3
Q
Epidermis
- type of tissue
- 2 types of cells
- layers (definition)
A
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Keratinocytes and melanocytes
- Thick vs thin (refers to relative thickness of the epidermi
4
Q
Keratinocytes
A
Make up most of the skin
5
Q
Melanocytes
A
Provides pigment that protects
6
Q
5 layers of the epidermis
A
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum germinativum
7
Q
Stratum corneum
- how many rows
- are the cells dead or alive
- what occurs
- location
- function
A
- 15 - 13 rows
- dead
- keratinization or cornification (filled with keratin intermediate filaments)
- (top) superficial layer
- forms protective, waterproof covering
8
Q
Stratum lucidum
- where is it found
- what color
- what do the cells look like
A
- thick skin only
- clear layer
- keratinocytes are flat, packed together, and filled with keratin
9
Q
Stratum granulosm
- what color
- how many rows
- type of cell
- waterproofing proteins
- what happens here
A
- Darkly stained region
- 3-5 rows
- keratinocytes that have stopped dividing
- keratohyalin and keratin
- keratinocytes begin to die and dehydrate
10
Q
Stratum spinosum
- how many rows
- what do the cells look like
- what are the cells held together by
- what type of cells are present
A
- 8-10 rows
- spiny shaped keratinocytes
- desmosomes
- Langerhans cells
11
Q
Langerhans cells
-function
A
- immune response
- attack microorganisms that enter superficial layers
12
Q
Stratum germinativum or Basale
- how many layers
- what is it attached to
- what does it separate
- what does it form
- can the cells divide
- what types of cells are present
A
- single layer
- basement membrane
- epidermis from dermis
- forms epidermal ridges that extend into dermis
- yes
- melanocytes
13
Q
Dermis
- location
- type of tissues present
- what does it contain
- 2 layers
A
- between epidermis and hypodermis
- connective tissue
- blood vessels and accessory structures
1. Papillary layer
2. Reticular layer
14
Q
Papillary layer
- what is it made of
- contains 3 things
- what does it look like on skin
A
- areolar connective tissue
- capillaries, sensory nerves and fingerlike projections called papillae
- gives ridge-like pattern (fingerprints)
15
Q
Reticular layer
- what is it composed of
- contains 3 things
- what are the fiber bundles responsible for
A
- dense irregular CT
- sensory receptors, blood vessels and hair follicles
- “lines of cleavage”
16
Q
Hypodermis
A
composed of areolar CT and adipose tissue
17
Q
how are collagen and elastic fibers arranged and how are they oriented ?
A
- in parallel bundles
- oriented to resist forces applied to skin during movement
18
Q
significance of lines of cleavage
-2 things
A
- A cut parallel to a line of cleavage will heal with a little scarring
- A cut across a line of cleavage creates scarring because wound will remain open
19
Q
What causes stretch marks?
A
- when elastic properties of skin are exceeded
- damage to dermis occurs and prevents it from returning to its original size
20
Q
Accessory structures
-3
A
- Hair
- Glands
- Nails
21
Q
Hair
- location
- 2 types
A
- almost everywhere
1. Vellus hairs
2. Terminal Hairs
22
Q
Vellus hair
A
fine hair located over much of the body surface
-some will become terminal hairs at puberty
23
Q
terminal hair
A
heavy, deeply pigmented and sometimes curly
24
Q
Hair follicle
-3 functions
A
- produces hair
- can alter structure of hair
- invagination of epidermis
25
7 hair and hair follicle structures
1. Hair shaft
2. sebaceous gland
3. arrector pili muscle
4. connective tissue sheath
5. hair papilla
6. hair bulb
7. hair root
26
arrector pili muscle
contracts to pull hair upwards
27
connective tissue sheath
wraps each hair follicle
28
hair papilla
contains capillaries and nerves
29
hair bulb
beginning of hair root
30
hair root
contains germative layers of hair follicle
31
medulla of hair
core of hair
32
cuticle of hair
surface of the hair
33
hair color
- what determines it
- ranges
- what does white/gray hair mean
- determined by pigment produced by the melanocytes at the papilla
- dark brown, yellow brown or red
- lack of pigment production and presence of hair bubbles in medulla
34
Hair growth and replacement
- how much does the hair grow per day
- what do hair root cells do
- what happens in replacement
- ~0.33 mm
- absorb and incorporate nutrients into growing hair
- new hair will push out the old one
35
club hair
hair in an in-active follicle
36
3 functions of hair
1. insulation
2. protection from UV light (scalp)
3. prevents entry of foreign particles
37
Glands
| -2 types
1. Sebaceous
| 2. Sudoriferous
38
Sudoriferous gland
- definition
- what do they produce
- holocrine glands that discharge oily lipid secretions into hair
- sebum
39
sebum
| -2 functions
1. inhibits growth of bacteria
| 2. lubricates and protects hair shaft
40
Sudoriferous gland
- defintion
- 2 types
- sweat glands
1. merocrine sweat glands
2. apocrine
41
merocrine sweat glands
- where do they secrete to
- what does it produce
- 2 functions
- what does it excrete
- directly to surface of skin
- watery perspiration ("sensible perspiration")
- cooling surface of skin and protection from microorganisms
- water and electrolytes
42
apocrine sweat glands
- 3 locations
- where does it secrete to
- what does it look like
- when does this start happening
- armpits, nipples, pubic region
- into hair follicles
- sticky, cloudy, odorous secretion
- puberty
43
Nails
| -function
protect exposed dorsal surface of tips of fingers and toes
44
Lunula
-area on nail where blood vessels are not seen
45
Nail fold
Boundaries for nail body
46
Eponychium
Area of stratum corneum on nail
47
Hyponychium
Area of thickened stratum corneum on nail
48
Nail root
Where nail production occurs
49
Integumentary system
| -function
provides protection from dehydration, environmental stressors and impacts
50
Nervous system
Receptors in deep epidermis and dermis provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, temperature and pain
51
Cardiovascular system
can stimulate localized changes in blood flow
52
Lymphoid system
provides physical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens
53
Respiratory system
Guards nasal cavity
54
Assists in excretion of water and solutes can also limit fluid loss through the skin
Urinary system
55
Reproductive system
Covers external genitalia and provides sensations that stimulate sexual behaviors
